Native name	}}

|conventional_long_name = United Mexican States |common_name = Mexico |image_flag = Flag_of_Mexico.svg |alt_flag = |image_coat = Coat of arms of Mexico.svg |alt_coat = |symbol_type = Coat of arms |national_motto = |national_anthem = "Himno Nacional Mexicano"Mexican National Anthem |royal_anthem = |motto = |other_symbol_type = National seal: |other_symbol = Seal of the United Mexican States |image_map = Mexico (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |alt_map = |map_caption = |image_map2 = |alt_map2 = |map_caption2 = |capital = Mexico City |latd= 19 | latm= 03 | latNS = N |longd= 99 |longm= 22 |longEW = W |largest_city = Mexico City |official_languages = Spanish |national_languages = 62 Indigenous Amerindian languages |regional_languages = |languages_type = |languages = |ethnic_groups = - Mestizo 70% - White 15% - Indigenous 9.8%- Other 1% |ethnic_groups_year = |demonym = Mexican |government_type = }} |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Felipe Calderón (PAN) |leader_title2 = Secretary of the Interior |leader_name2 = José Francisco Blake Mora |leader_title3 = Supreme Court President |leader_name3 = Juan Silva Meza |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |leader_title6 = |leader_name6 = |legislature = Congress |upper_house = Senate |lower_house = Chamber of Deputies |sovereignty_type = Independence |sovereignty_note = from Spain |established_event1 = Declared |established_date1 = September 16, 1810 |established_event2 = Recognized |established_date2 = September 27, 1821 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |established_event4 = |established_date4 = |established_event5 = |established_date5 = |established_event9 = |established_date9 = |area_rank = 14th |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area = |area_km2 = 1,972,550 |area_sq_mi = 761,606 |area_footnote = |percent_water = 2.5 |area_dabodyalign = |population_census = 112,322,757 |population_census_rank = 11th |population_census_year = 2010 |population_density_km2 = 57 |population_density_sq_mi = 142 |population_density_rank = 142nd |GDP_PPP = $1.629 trillion |GDP_PPP_rank = 11th |GDP_PPP_year = 2011 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $15,113 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 58th |GDP_nominal = $1.041 trillion |GDP_nominal_rank = 13th |GDP_nominal_year = 2011 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,489 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 58th |Gini = 51.6 |Gini_rank = |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_category = high |HDI = 0.750 |HDI_rank = 56th |HDI_year = 2010 |HDI_category = high |currency = Peso |currency_code = MXN |time_zone = Official Mexican Timezones |utc_offset = −8 to −6 |time_zone_DST = varies |antipodes = |date_format = |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = −7 to −5 |drives_on = right |cctld = .mx |iso3166code = |calling_code = +52 |image_map3 = |alt_map3 = |footnotes = |footnote1 = |footnote2 = |footnote7 = }} The United Mexican States (), commonly known as Mexico (pronounced ; ), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 112 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.

In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Mexico is both one of the world's largest economies and a regional power, and since 1994 the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and a firmly established upper-middle income country. Mexico is considered a newly industrialized country and an emerging power. It has the thirteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity. The economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States. Mexico ranks fifth in the world and first in the Americas by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites with 31, and in 2007 was the tenth most visited country in the world with 21.4 million international arrivals.

Etymology

After New Spain won independence from Spain, it was decided that the new country would be named after its capital, Mexico City, which was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Aztec capital of México-Tenochtitlan. The name comes from the Nahuatl language, but its meaning is not well known.

Anáhuac is the term used by the Aztecs to refer to the territory they dominated, e.g. the empire as a whole, including tributary peoples; and as such was among the terms proposed for the name of the new country prior to independence, as in, for example, Congress of Anáhuac, another name for the Congress of Chilpancingo.

''Mēxihco'' was the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica, and surrounding territories which became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence; compare ''Latium''. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley which became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result, or vice versa. It has been suggested that it is derived from Mextli or Mēxihtli, a secret name for the god of war and patron of the Aztecs, Huitzilopochtli, in which case Mēxihco means "Place where Mēxihtli lives".

Another hypothesis suggests that the word Mēxihco derives from the mētztli ("moon"), xictli ("navel", "center" or "son"), and the suffix -co (place), in which case it means "Place at the center of the moon" or "Place at the center of the Lake Moon", in reference to Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco was at the center, had the form of a rabbit, the same image that the Aztecs saw in the moon. Tenochtitlan was located at the center (or navel) of the lake (or rabbit/moon). Still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of maguey.

The name of the city-state was transliterated to Spanish as México with the phonetic value of the x in Medieval Spanish, which represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative . This sound, as well as the voiced postalveolar fricative , represented by a j, evolved into a voiceless velar fricative during the sixteenth century. This led to the use of the variant Méjico in many publications in Spanish, most notably in Spain, whereas in Mexico and most other Spanish–speaking countries México was the preferred spelling. In recent years the Real Academia Española, which regulates the Spanish language, determined that both variants are acceptable in Spanish but that the normative recommended spelling is México. The majority of publications in all Spanish-speaking countries now adhere to the new norm, even though the alternative variant is still occasionally used. In English, the x in Mexico represents neither the original nor the current sound, but the consonant cluster .

The official name of the country has changed as the form of government has changed. On two occasions (1821–1823 and 1863–1867), the country was known as Imperio Mexicano (Mexican Empire). All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857 and 1917, the current constitution) used the name Estados Unidos Mexicanos—or the variants Estados Unidos mexicanos and Estados-Unidos Mexicanos, all of which have been translated as "United Mexican States". The term República Mexicana, "Mexican Republic" was used in the 1836 Constitutional Laws.

History

Ancient cultures

The earliest human remains in Mexico are chips of stone tools found near campfire remains in the Valley of Mexico and radiocarbon-dated to ca. 21,000 BCE. Around 9,000 years ago, ancient indigenous peoples domesticated corn and initiated an agricultural revolution, leading to the formation of many complex civilizations. Between 1,800 and 300 BCE, many matured into advanced pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations such as: the Olmec, Izapa, Teotihuacan, Maya, Zapotec, Mixtec, Huastec, Purepecha, Totonac, Toltec and Aztec: Mexica, which flourished for nearly 4,000 years before the first contact with Europeans.

These civilizations are credited with many inventions and advancements in fields such as architecture (pyramid-temples), mathematics, astronomy, medicine and theology. The Aztecs were noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale. At its peak, Teotihuacan, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas, had a population of more than 150,000 people. Estimates of the population before the Spanish conquest range from 6 million to 25 million.

At the time of Spanish contact, Teotihuacan was no longer occupied, although the site was well-known; the population of the Aztec Empire and its immediate predecessors had become centered on Lake Texcoco, also in the Valley of Mexico, where the island city of Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325.

New Spain

In the early 16th century, from the landing of Hernán Cortés, the Aztec civilization was invaded and conquered by the Spaniards. Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, smallpox ravaged Mesoamerica in the 1520s, killing millions of Aztecs, including the emperor, and was credited with the victory of Hernán Cortés over the Aztec empire. The territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name of New Spain. Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico were created during the colonial period.

Independence

On September 16, 1810, independence from Spain was declared by priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato. The first insurgent group was formed by Hidalgo, the Spanish viceregal army captain Ignacio Allende, the militia captain Juan Aldama and "La Corregidora" Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. Hidalgo and some of his soldiers were captured and executed by firing squad in Chihuahua, on July 31, 1811. Following his death, the leadership was assumed by priest José María Morelos, who occupied key southern cities.

In 1813 the Congress of Chilpancingo was convened and, on November 6, signed the "Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America". Morelos was captured and executed on December 22, 1815. In subsequent years, the insurgency was near collapse, but in 1820 Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca sent an army under the criollo general Agustín de Iturbide against the troops of Vicente Guerrero. Instead, Iturbide approached Guerrero to join forces, and in 1821 representatives of the Spanish Crown and Iturbide signed the "Treaty of Córdoba" and the "Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire", which recognized the independence of Mexico under the terms of the "Plan of Iguala".

Agustín de Iturbide immediately proclaimed himself emperor of the First Mexican Empire. A revolt against him in 1823 established the United Mexican States. In 1824, a Republican Constitution was drafted and Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of the newly born country. The first decades of the post-independence period were marked by economic instability, which led to the Pastry War in 1836, and a constant strife between liberales, supporters of a federal form of government, and conservadores, proposals of a hierarchical form of government.

General Antonio López de Santa Anna, a centralist and two-time dictator, approved the Siete Leyes in 1836, a radical amendment that institutionalized the centralized form of government. When he suspended the 1824 Constitution, civil war spread across the country, and three new governments declared independence: the Republic of Texas, the Republic of the Rio Grande and the Republic of Yucatán.

Texas successfully achieved independence and was annexed by the United States. A border dispute led to the Mexican-American War, which began in 1846 and lasted for two years; the War was settled via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which forced Mexico to give up over half of its land to the U.S., including Alta California, New Mexico, and the disputed parts of Texas. A much smaller transfer of territory in what is today southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico — the Gadsden Purchase — occurred in 1854. The Caste War of Yucatán, the Mayan uprising that began in 1847, was one of the most successful modern Native American revolts. Maya rebels, or Cruzob, maintained relatively independent enclaves until the 1930s.

thumb|300px|Territorial evolution of Mexico.Dissatisfaction with Santa Anna's return to power led to the liberal "Plan of Ayutla", initiating an era known as La Reforma, after which a new Constitution was drafted in 1857 that established a secular state, federalism as the form of government, and several freedoms. As the conservadores refused to recognize it, the Reform War began in 1858, during which both groups had their own governments. The war ended in 1861 with victory by the Liberals, led by Amerindian President Benito Juárez. In the 1860s Mexico underwent a military occupation by France, which established the Second Mexican Empire under the rule of Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria with support from the Roman Catholic clergy and the conservadores, who later switched sides and joined the liberales. Maximilian surrendered, was tried on June 14 and was executed on June 19, 1867.

Porfirio Díaz, a republican general during the French intervention, ruled Mexico from 1876–1880 and then from 1884–1911 in five consecutive reelections, period known as the Porfiriato, characterized by remarkable economic achievements, investments in the arts and sciences, but also of economic inequality and political repression.

20th century to present

A likely electoral fraud that led to Diaz's fifth reelection sparked the 1910 Mexican Revolution, initially led by Francisco I. Madero.

Díaz resigned in 1911 and Madero was elected president but overthrown and murdered in a coup d'état two years later directed by conservative general Victoriano Huerta. That event re-ignited the civil war, involving figures such as Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata, who formed their own forces. A third force, the constitutional army led by Venustiano Carranza, managed to bring an end to the war, and radically amended the 1857 Constitution to include many of the social premises and demands of the revolutionaries into what was eventually called the 1917 Constitution. It is estimated that the war killed 900,000 of the 1910 population of 15 million.

Assassinated in 1920, Carranza was succeeded by another revolutionary hero, Álvaro Obregón, who in turn was succeeded by Plutarco Elías Calles. Obregón was reelected in 1928 but assassinated before he could assume power. In 1929, Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), later renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and started a period known as the Maximato, which ended with the election of Lázaro Cárdenas, who implemented many economic and social reforms, and most significantly expropriated the oil industry into Pemex on March 18, 1938, but sparked a diplomatic crisis with the countries whose citizens had lost businesses by Cárdenas' radical measure.

Between 1940 and 1980, Mexico experienced a substantial economic growth that some historians call the "Mexican miracle". Although the economy continued to flourish, social inequality remained a factor of discontent. Moreover, the PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive (see the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, which claimed the life of around 30–800 protesters).

Electoral reforms and high oil prices followed the administration of Luis Echeverría, mismanagement of these revenues led to inflation and exacerbated the 1982 Crisis. That year, oil prices plunged, interest rates soared, and the government defaulted on its debt. President Miguel de la Madrid resorted to currency devaluations which in turn sparked inflation.

In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in PRI's monopolistic position. In Baja California, Ernesto Ruffo Appel was elected as governor. In 1988, electoral fraud prevented leftist candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas from winning the national presidential elections, giving Carlos Salinas de Gortari the Presidency and leading to massive protests in Mexico City.

Salinas embarked on a program of neoliberal reforms which fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation and culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) started a two-week-long armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and globalization.

In December 1994, a month after Salinas was succeeded by Ernesto Zedillo, the Mexican economy collapsed, with a rapid rescue packaged authorized by U.S. President Bill Clinton and major macroeconomic reforms started by president Zedillo, the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999.

In 2000, after 71 years, the PRI lost a presidential election to Vicente Fox of the opposition National Action Party (PAN). In the 2006 presidential elections, Felipe Calderón from the PAN was declared the winner, with a very narrow margin over leftist politician Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). López Obrador, however, contested the election and pledged to create an "alternative government".

Politics

The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include called state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.

The bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies, makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments. Seats to federal and state legislatures are elected by a system of parallel voting that includes plurality and proportional representation. The Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of the Union is conformed by 300 deputies elected by plurality and 200 deputies by proportional representation with closed party lists for which the country is divided into 5 electoral constituencies or circumscriptions. The Senate is conformed by a total of 128 senators: 64 senators, two for each state and two for the Federal District, elected by plurality in pairs; 32 senators assigned to the first minority or first-runner up (one for each state and one for the Federal District), and 32 are assigned by proportional representation with closed party lists for which the country conforms a single electoral constituency.

The Executive, is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the authority of vetoing bills.

The Judiciary branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, comprised by eleven judges appointed by the President with Senate approval, who interpret laws and judge cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.

Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the National Action Party: a right-wing conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the Christian Democrat Organization of America; the Institutional Revolutionary Party, a center-left party and member of Socialist International that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the Mexican Revolution and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the Party of the Democratic Revolution: a left-wing party, founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties.

Foreign relations

The foreign relations of Mexico are directed by the President of Mexico and managed through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other countries, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active participation in international organizations. Since the 1930s, the Estrada Doctrine has served as a crucial complement to these principles.

Mexico is one of the founding members of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the OPANAL and the Rio Group. In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget. In addition, it has been the only Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since it joined in 1994 though Chile is in the process of gaining full membership. Mexico is considered as a regional power hence its presence in major economic groups such as the G8+5 and the G-20. In addition, since the 1990s Mexico has sought a reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the Coffee Club.

After the War of Independence, the relations of Mexico were focused primarily on the United States, its northern neighbor, largest trading partner, and the most powerful actor in hemispheric and world affairs. Mexico supported the Cuban government since its establishment in the early 1960s, the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua during the late 1970s, and leftist revolutionary groups in El Salvador during the 1980s. A greater priority to Latin America and the Caribbean has been given in the administration of President Felipe Calderón.

Military

The Mexican Armed Forces have two branches: the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force), and the Mexican Navy. The Mexican Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies.

In recent years, Mexico has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military by designing as well as manufacturing its own arms, missiles, aircraft, vehicles, heavy weaponry, electronics, defense systems, armor, heavy military industrial equipment and heavy naval vessels. Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the war on drugs, increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, helicopters, digital war-fighting technologies, urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport.

Mexico has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but forwent this possibility with the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1968 and pledged to only use its nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. In 1970 Mexico's national institute for nuclear research successfully refined weapons grade uranium which is used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons but in April 2010, Mexico agreed to turn over its weapons grade uranium to the United States.

Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts with the exception of World War II. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution in order to allow the Mexican army, air force or navy to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.

Administrative divisions

The United Mexican States are a federation of thirty-one free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over the Federal District and other territories.

Each state has its own constitution, congress, and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by direct voting a governor for a six-year term, and representatives to their respective unicameral state congresses for three-year terms.

The Federal District is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state, and as such, has more limited local rule than the nation's states.

The states are divided into municipalities, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a mayor or municipal president (Presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality.

Geography

Mexico is located between latitudes 14° and 33°N, and longitudes 86° and 119°W in the southern portion of North America. Almost all of Mexico lies in the North American Plate, with small parts of the Baja California peninsula on the Pacific and Cocos Plates. Geophysically, some geographers include the territory east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (around 12% of the total) within Central America. Geopolitically, however, Mexico is entirely considered part of North America, along with Canada and the United States.

Mexico's total area is , making it the world's 14th largest country by total area, and includes approximately of islands in the Pacific Ocean (including the remote Guadalupe Island and the Revillagigedo Islands), Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Gulf of California. From its farthest land points, Mexico is a little over in length.

On its north, Mexico shares a border with the United States. The meandering Río Bravo del Norte (known as the Rio Grande in the United States) defines the border from Ciudad Juárez east to the Gulf of Mexico. A series of natural and artificial markers delineate the United States-Mexican border west from Ciudad Juárez to the Pacific Ocean. On its south, Mexico shares an border with Guatemala and a border with Belize.

Mexico is crossed from north to south by two mountain ranges known as Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental, which are the extension of the Rocky Mountains from northern North America. From east to west at the center, the country is crossed by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt also known as the Sierra Nevada. A fourth mountain range, the Sierra Madre del Sur, runs from Michoacán to Oaxaca.

As such, the majority of the Mexican central and northern territories are located at high altitudes, and the highest elevations are found at the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Pico de Orizaba (), Popocatepetl () and Iztaccihuatl () and the Nevado de Toluca (). Three major urban agglomerations are located in the valleys between these four elevations: Toluca, Greater Mexico City and Puebla.

Climate

The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly constant year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one of the world's most diverse weather systems.

Areas south of the twenty-fourth parallel with elevations up to (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the Yucatán Peninsula), have a yearly median temperature between . Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Both Mexican coasts, except for the south coast of the Bay of Campeche and northern Baja, are also vulnerable to serious hurricanes during the summer and fall. Although low-lying areas north of the twentieth-fourth parallel are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from ) because of more moderate conditions during the winter.

Many large cities in Mexico are located in the Valley of Mexico or in adjacent valleys with altitudes generally above . This gives them a year-round temperate climate with yearly temperature averages (from ) and cool nighttime temperatures throughout the year.

Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with sporadic rainfall while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than of annual precipitation. For example, many cities in the north like Monterrey, Hermosillo, and Mexicali experience temperatures of or more in summer. In the Sonoran Desert temperatures reach or more.

Biodiversity

Mexico is one of the 18 megadiverse countries of the world. With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity. Mexico ranks first in biodiversity in reptiles with 707 known species, second in mammals with 438 species, fourth in amphibians with 290 species, and fourth in flora, with 26,000 different species. Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in ecosystems and fourth in overall species. Approximately 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislations.

As of 2002, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, second only to Brazil. The government has taken another initiative in the late 1990s to expand the people's knowledge, interest and use of the country's esteemed biodiversity, through the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.

In Mexico, are considered "Protected Natural Areas." These include 34 reserve biospheres (unaltered ecosystems), 64 national parks, 4 natural monuments (protected in perpetuity for their aesthetic, scientific or historical value), 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection (conservation of soil, hydrological basins and forests) and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species).

The discovery of the Americas brought to the rest of the world many widely used food crops and edible plants. Some of Mexico's native culinary ingredients include: chocolate, avocado, tomato, maize, vanilla, guava, chayote, epazote, camote, jícama, nopal, zucchini, tejocote, huitlacoche, sapote, mamey sapote, many varieties of beans, and an even greater variety of chiles, such as the habanero and the jalapeño. Most of these names come from indigenous languages like Nahuatl.

Economy

Mexico has the 13th largest nominal GDP and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity. GDP annual average growth for the period of 1995–2002 was 5.1%. Foreign debt decreased to less than 20% of GDP. From 2000 to 2004, the population in poverty has decreased from 24.2% to 17.6% in the general population and from 42% to 27.9% in rural areas. Since the late 1990s, the majority of the population has been part of the growing middle class. The Mexican economy is expected to nearly triple by 2020. According to Goldman Sachs, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.

According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, a rate higher than advanced nations like South Korea or Taiwan, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403, a rate comparable to developing countries such as Russia or Turkey. Daily minimum wages are set annually by law and determined by zone; $57.46 Mexican pesos ($4.52 USD) in Zona A (Baja California, Federal District, State of Mexico, and large cities), $55.84 Mexican pesos ($4.39 USD) in Zone B (Sonora, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Jalisco), and $54.47 Mexican pesos ($4.29 USD) in Zone C (all other states)

In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of its exports and 45% of its imports. During the first three quarters of 2010, the United States had a $46.0 billion trade deficit with Mexico. In August 2010 Mexico surpassed France to became the 9th largest holder of US debt. The commercial and financial dependence on the US is a cause for concern. The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States account for 0.2% of Mexico's GDP which was equal to US$20 billion dollars per year in 2004 and is the tenth largest source of foreign income after oil, industrial exports, manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services. According to Mexico's central bank, remittances in 2008 amounted to $25bn.

Mexico is the largest North American auto-producing nation, recently surpassing Canada and the U.S. The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities. The "Big Three" (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while Volkswagen and Nissan built their plants in the 1960s. In Puebla alone, 70 industrial part-makers cluster around Volkswagen. The relatively small domestic car industry is represented by DINA S.A., which has built buses and trucks for almost half a century, and the new Mastretta company that builds the high performance Mastretta MXT sports car.

Foreign firms such as MD Helicopters and Bombardier build helicopters and commercial jets respectively in Mexico.

A percentage of American-branded home appliances are actually of Mexican origin but sold under local brand names. As of 2008, one out of every four consumer appliances sold in the United States was of Mexican origin.

In 2010, Mexico had 86 companies in the Forbes Global 2000 list. Mexico is the first and only Latin American country to be included in the World Government Bond Index or WGBI, which list the most important global economies that circulate government debt bonds.

Major players in the broadcasting industry are Televisa, the largest Spanish media company in the Spanish-speaking world, and TV Azteca.

Tourism

Mexico is the twenty-third highest tourism spender in the world, and the highest in Latin America. The vast majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada. Many other visitors come from Europe and Asia. A small number of tourists also come from other Latin American countries. In the 2008 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, fifth among Latin American countries, and the ninth in the Americas.

Mexico City is most popular with tourists as an ancient Meso-American city and the site of many popular tourist attractions such as the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. The city is also home to the Plaza México and to the Mexican National Palace, built on the site of Montezuma's palace, and the huge Metropolitan Cathedral, the largest in the Western Hemisphere, built over the even greater Temple of Teocalli.

Guadalajara, Jalisco, the second-largest city by population in the Republic, is home of some of Mexico's best known traditions, such as tequila, mariachi music and charros, or Mexican cowboys. Its similitude with western European countries mixed with modern architecture and infrastructure makes Guadalajara very attractive to tourists. Along with Mexico City and beach destinations (Cancún, Acapulco, etc.), Guadalajara is one of the most visited cities in Mexico. Cultural tourism is the main attraction, the city being home to a large number of museums, art galleries and theatres.

Monterrey, was founded in the late 16th century. The downtown district is the oldest section in the city, surrounded by newer neighbourhoods. The Museo de Historia Mexicana (Museum of Mexican History), MARCO (Monterrey Museum of Contemporary Art), Metropolitan Museum of Monterrey and the Museum of the Palacio de Gobierno, or State House, are some of the better known museums in the city, as well as nationally. The Santa Lucía Riverwalk is a popular tourist site, connecting the Fundidora Park with the Macroplaza, one of the largest plazas in the world.

Energy

Energy production in Mexico is managed by state-owned companies: the Federal Commission of Electricity and Pemex.

Pemex, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US $86 billion in sales a year. Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day. In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.

The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW Manuel Moreno Torres Dam in Chicoasén, Chiapas, in the Grijalva River. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant.

The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times national electricity generation. Currently, there is over 1 million square meters of solar thermal panels installed in Mexico, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2012 there will be 1,8 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels. As of 2010, Mexico generates approximately 23% of its power from renewable resources.

Transportation

The paved-roadway network extended for in 2005; were multi-lane freeways or expressways, most of which were tollways. Nonetheless, it still cannot meet national needs adequately. Most of the domestic passenger transport needs are served by an extensive bus network.

Mexico was one of the first Latin American countries to promote railway development, and the network covers . The Secretary of Communications and Transport of Mexico is currently building a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers from Mexico City to Guadalajara, Jalisco. The train, which travels at 300 kilometers per hour, allows passengers to travel from Mexico City to Guadalajara in just 2 hours. The whole project was projected to cost 240 billion pesos, or about 25 billion dollars and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector including the wealthiest man in the world, Mexico's billionaire business tycoon Carlos Slim. The government of the state of Yucatán is also funding the construction of a high speed line connecting the cities of Cozumel to Mérida and Chichen Itza and Cancún.

In 1999, Mexico had 1,806 airports, of which 233 had paved runways; of these, 35 carry 97% of the passenger traffic. The Mexico City International Airport remains the largest in Latin America and the 44th largest in the world transporting 21 million passengers a year.

Communications

The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telmex (''Teléfonos de México''), privatized in 1990. As of 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and the United States. Other players in the domestic industry are Axtel and Maxcom. Due to Mexican orography, providing landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at forty-percent, however 82% of Mexicans over the age of 14 own a mobile phone. Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 63 million lines. The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through Cofetel (''Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones'').

The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. Mexican satellites are operated by ''Satélites Mexicanos'' (Satmex), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing both North and South America. It offers broadcast, telephone and telecommunication services to 37 countries in the Americas, from Canada to Argentina. Through business partnerships Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services. Satmex maintains its own satellite fleet with most of the fleet being Mexican designed and built.

Mexico has recently emerged as a major producer of communications technology. In 2008 Mexico manufactured over 130 million mobile phones making it the third largest producer of mobile phones and in 2008 Mexico surpassed China, South Korea and Taiwan to become the largest producer of smartphones in the world.

Usage of radio, television, and Internet in Mexico is prevalent. There are approximately 1,410 radio broadcast stations and 236 television stations (excluding repeaters). Major players in the broadcasting industry are Televisa—the largest Spanish media company in the Spanish-speaking world—and TV Azteca.

Science and technology

The National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established in 1910, and the university become one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico. UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering. Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936), were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973. In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.

In 1985 Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican citizen to enter space as part of the STS-61-B mission. In 1995 Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen, and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone. Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.

In recent years, the biggest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range. It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust.

A large percentage of American branded appliances are actually of Mexican design and origin but sold under local brand names. In fact as of 2008 one out of every four consumer appliances sold in the United States was of Mexican origin. According to the World Bank, production of high-technology good represented 22% of Mexico's GDP in 2000 with the high tech sector gorwing by roughly 63% yearly. Since the 1990s Mexico has produced advanced automobiles for foreign companies (mainly BMW and Mercedes-Benz), and for domestic corporations such as Mastretta.

According to a study by the Carnegie Endowment Mexico is among the developing countries well prepared for more rapid adoption of foreign technologies, largely because of relatively high levels of educational attainment and supportive infrastructure.

Based on the information managed by the Scopus, a bibliographic database for science, the Spanish web portal SCImago places Mexico in the position 18 of the country scientific ranking with 82,792 publications, and in the position 34 if considering its value of 134 for the h-index. Both positions are computed for the period 1996-2.

The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade. In 2007 Mexico surpassed South Korea as the second largest manufacturer of televisions, and in 2008 Mexico surpassed China, South Korea and Taiwan to become the largest producer of smartphones in the world. There are almost half a million (451,000) students enrolled in electronics engineering programs with an additional 90,000 students graduating from electronics engineering and technical programs each year and Mexico had over half a million (580,000) certified IT professionals employed in 2007. In 2005, according to the World Bank, high-tech industrial production represented 19.6% of Mexico's economy. Mexico is also home to a large number of electronics Original design manufacturers (ODMs) and Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), companies which manufacture or design products on behalf of another company, for example Lanix, Mexico's largest electronics company manufacturers the PlayStation 3 for Sony.

Demographics

The recently-conducted 2010 Census showed a population of 112,336,538, making it the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.

- Mexico is ethnically diverse, the various indigenous peoples and European immigrants are united under a single national identity. The core part of Mexican national identity is formed on the basis of a synthesis of European culture with Indigenous cultures in a process known as mestizaje, alluding to the mixed biological origins of the majority of Mexicans. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje. The term mestizo often used in literature about Mexican social identities carries a variety of meanings containing both socio-cultural, economic, racial and biological components and for this reason it has been deemed to imprecise to be used for ethnic classification, for which reason it has been abandoned in Mexican censuses. In 2004, the Mexican government founded the National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) which launched the Mexican Genome Diversity Project. In May 2009, the Institute issued a report on a major genomic study of 300 mestizos in the Mexican population. Among the findings it was reported that over 80% of the population is mestizo and that the proportions of European and indigenous ancestry are approximately even. A study presented by the American Society of Human Genetics has shown (based on genes) that, on average, Mestizo Mexicans are (genetically) 58.96% European, 35.05% "Asian" (Amerindian), and 05.03% African. Sonora shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and Guerrero the lowest (51.98%) where we also observe the highest Asian contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as "being racially mixed in some degree").

The category of "indígena" (indigenous) can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak one of Mexicos 62 indigenous languages or self-identify as having an indigenous cultural background. According with the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples as of 2005, there are 10.1 million Mexicans who speak an indigenous language and claim indigenous heritage, representing 9.8% of the total population.

The word "mestizo" is sometimes used with the meaning of a person with mixed Indigenous and European blood. This usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure indigenous genetic heritage would be considered Mestizo either by rejecting his indigenous culture or by not speaking an indigenous language, and a person with a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.

Mexico represents the largest source of immigration to the United States. About 9% of the population born in Mexico is now living in the United States. 28.3 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006. Per the 2000 U.S. Census, a plurality of 47.3% of Mexican Americans self identify as White, closely followed by Mexican Americans who self identify as "Some other race", usually Mestizo (European/Indian) with 45.5%.

Mexico is home to the largest number of U.S. citizens abroad (estimated at one million as of 1999). The Argentine community is considered to be the second largest foreign community in the country (estimated somewhere between 30,000 and 150,000). Mexico also has a large Lebanese community, now numbering around 400,000. In October 2008, Mexico agreed to deport Cubans using the country as an entry point to the US. Large numbers of Central American migrants who have crossed Guatemala's western border into Mexico are deported every year. Small numbers of illegal immigrants come from Ecuador, Cuba, China, South Africa, and Pakistan.

Languages

There is no de jure constitutional official language at the federal level in Mexico. Mexico has the largest Spanish-speaking population in the world, almost a third of all Spanish native speakers live in Mexico.

Mexico is home to a large number of indigenous languages, spoken by some 5.4% of the population - 1.2% of the population are monolingual speakers of an indigenous language. The indigenous languages with most speakers are Nahuatl, spoken by approximately 1,45 million people, Yukatek Maya spoken by some 750,000 people and the Mixtec and Zapotec languages each spoken by more than 400,000 people. The National Institute of Indigenous Languages [INALI] recognizes 68 linguistic groups and some 364 different specific varieties of indigenous languages. Since the promulgation of the Law of Indigenous Linguistic Rights in 2003, these languages have had status as national languages, with equal validity with Spanish in all the areas and contexts in which they are spoken.

In addition to the indigenous languages other minority languages are spoken by immigrant populations such as the 80,000 German-speaking Mennonites in Mexico. And the Chipilo dialect of the Venetian language spoken in Chipilo, Puebla.

Religion

{{Bar box |title=Religion in Mexico (2010 census) |titlebar=#ddd |float=right |bars= }} The 2010 census by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía gave Roman Catholicism as the main religion, with 82.7% of the population, while 9.7% (10,924,103) belong to other Christian denominations, including Evangelicals (5.2%); Pentecostals (1.6%); other Protestant or Reformed (0.7%); Jehovah's Witnesses (1.4%); Seventh-day Adventists (0.6%); and members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (0.3%). 172,891 (or less than 0.2% of the total) belonged to other, non-Christian religions; 4.7% declared having no religion; 2.7% were unspecified.

The 92,924,489 Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after Brazil's. 47% percent of them attend church services weekly. Most Mexican cities, towns and villages hold a yearly feast day to commemorate their local patron saints. The feast day of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico, is celebrated on December 12 and is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country.

The 2010 census reported 314,932 members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, though the church in 2009 claimed to have over one million registered members. About 25% of registered members attend a weekly sacrament service although this can fluctuate up and down.

The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several Conversos. According to the 2010 census, there are 67,476 Jews in Mexico. Islam in Mexico is practiced by a small population in the city of Torreón, Coahuila, and there are an estimated 300 Muslims in the San Cristóbal de las Casas area in Chiapas. In the 2010 census 18,185 Mexicans reported belonging to an Eastern religion, a category which includes a tiny Buddhist population.

Metropolitan areas

Metropolitan areas in Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city. In 2004, a joint effort between CONAPO, INEGI and the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) agreed to define metropolitan areas as either:

the group of two or more municipalities in which a city with a population of at least 50,000 is located whose urban area extends over the limit of the municipality that originally contained the core city incorporating either physically or under its area of direct influence other adjacent predominantly urban municipalities all of which have a high degree of social and economic integration or are relevant for urban politics and administration; or

a single municipality in which a city of a population of at least one million is located and fully contained, (that is, it does not transcend the limits of a single municipality); or

a city with a population of at least 250,000 which forms a conurbation with other cities in the United States.

Culture

Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements mainly from the United States have been incorporated into Mexican culture.

The Porfirian era (''el Porfiriato''), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself. Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the ''mestizaje'', of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication ''La Raza Cósmica'' (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the ''mestizo'') not only biologically but culturally as well. This exalting of ''mestizaje'' was a revolutionary idea that sharply contrasted with the idea of a superior pure race prevalent in Europe at the time.

Literature

The literature of Mexico has its antecedents in the literatures of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. The most well known prehispanic poet is Nezahualcoyotl. Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of Mesoamerica. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Juana Inés de la Cruz.

In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races, biologically as well as culturally.

Other writers include Alfonso Reyes, José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Carlos Fuentes, Octavio Paz (Nobel Laureate), Renato Leduc, Carlos Monsiváis, Elena Poniatowska, Mariano Azuela ("Los de abajo") and Juan Rulfo ("Pedro Páramo"). Bruno Traven wrote "Canasta de cuentos mexicanos", "El tesoro de la Sierra Madre."

Visual arts

Post-revolutionary art in Mexico had its expression in the works of renowned artists such as Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, Rufino Tamayo, Federico Cantú Garza, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Juan O'Gorman. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of Mexican muralism, painted the Man at the Crossroads at the Rockefeller Center in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed the next year due to the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader Lenin. Some of Rivera's murals are displayed at the Mexican National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts.

Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt. Spanish Colonial architecture is marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque ornamentation exported from Spain. Mexico, as the center of New Spain has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style.

Cinema and media

Mexican films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. Maria Candelaria (1944) by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico, between 1947 to 1965 some of him master pieces like Los Olvidados (1949), Viridiana (1961) and El angel exterminador (1963). Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Félix, Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, Jorge Negrete and the comedian Cantinflas.

More recently, films such as Como agua para chocolate (1992), Cronos (1993), Amores perros (2000), Y tu mamá también (2001), El crimen del Padre Amaro (The Crime of Father Amaro) (2002), Pan's Labyrinth (2006) and Babel (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores perros, Babel), Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Guillermo del Toro, Carlos Carrera (The Crime of Father Amaro), and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are some of the most known present-day film makers.

Two of the major television networks based in Mexico are Televisa and TV Azteca. Televisa is also the largest producer of Spanish-language content in the world and also the world's largest Spanish-language media network. Grupo Multimedios is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States. Soap operas (telenovelas) are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like Verónica Castro, Lucía Méndez, Lucero, and Thalía.

Music

Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes Mariachi, Banda, Norteño, Ranchera and Corridos; on an every-day basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as pop, rock, etc. in both English and Spanish. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of Europe, especially Spain. Some well-known Mexican singers are Thalía, Luis Miguel, Alejandro Fernández, Julieta Venegas and Paulina Rubio. Mexican singers of traditional music are: Lila Downs, Susana Harp, Jaramar, GEO Meneses and Alejandra Robles. Popular groups are Café Tacuba, Molotov and Maná, among others. Since the early 2000s Mexican rock has seen widespread growth both domesticly and internationally.

According to the Sistema Nacional de Fomento Musical, there are between 120 and 140 youth orchestras affiliated to this federal agency from all federal states. Some states, through their state agencies in charge of culture and the arts—Ministry or Secretary or Institute or Council of Culture, in some cases Secretary of Education or the State University—sponsor the activities of a professional Symphony Orchestra or Philharmonic Orchestra so all citizens can have access to this artistic expression from the field of classical music. Mexico City is the most intense hub of this activity hosting 12 professional orchestras sponsored by different agencies such as the National Intitute of Fine Arts, the Secretary of Culture of the Federal District, The National University, the National Polytechnic Institute, a Delegación Política (Coyoacán) and very few are a kind of private ventures.

Cuisine

Mexican cuisine is known for its intense and varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of spices. Most of today's Mexican food is based on pre-Columbian traditions, including the Aztecs and Maya, combined with culinary trends introduced by Spanish colonists.

The conquistadores eventually combined their imported diet of rice, beef, pork, chicken, wine, garlic and onions with the native pre-Columbian food, including maize, tomato, vanilla, avocado, papaya, pineapple, chili pepper, beans, squash, sweet potato, peanut and turkey.

Mexican food varies by region, because of local climate and geography and ethnic differences among the indigenous inhabitants and because these different populations were influenced by the Spaniards in varying degrees. The north of Mexico is known for its beef, goat and ostrich production and meat dishes, in particular the well-known Arrachera cut.

Central Mexico's cuisine is largely made up of influences from the rest of the country, but also has its authentics, such as barbacoa, pozole, menudo, tamales, and carnitas.

Southeastern Mexico, on the other hand, is known for its spicy vegetable and chicken-based dishes. The cuisine of Southeastern Mexico also has quite a bit of Caribbean influence, given its geographical location. Seafood is commonly prepared in the states that border the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, the latter having a famous reputation for its fish dishes, à la veracruzana.

In modern times, other cuisines of the world have become very popular in Mexico, thus adopting a Mexican fusion. For example, sushi in Mexico is often made with a variety of sauces based on mango or tamarind, and very often served with serrano-chili-blended soy sauce, or complemented with vinegar, habanero and chipotle peppers

The most internationally recognized dishes include chocolate, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas, burritos, tamales and mole among others. Regional dishes include mole poblano, chiles en nogada and chalupas from Puebla; cabrito and machaca from Monterrey, cochinita pibil from Yucatán, Tlayudas from Oaxaca, as well as barbacoa, chilaquiles, milanesas, and many others.

Sports

Mexico City hosted the XIX Olympic Games in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so. The country has also hosted the FIFA World Cup twice, in 1970 and 1986.

Mexico's most popular sport is association football (soccer). It is commonly believed that Football was introduced in Mexico by Cornish miners at the end of the 19th century. By 1902 a five-team league had emerged with a strong British influence. Mexico's top clubs are Guadalajara with 11 championships, América with 10 and Toluca with 9. Antonio Carbajal was the first player to appear in five World Cups, and Hugo Sánchez was named best CONCACAF player of the 20th century by IFFHS.

Baseball has traditionally been more popular than soccer in some regions. The Mexican professional league is named the Liga Mexicana de Beisbol. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, Mexico has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles. Mexico has had several players signed by Major League teams, the most famous of them being Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela.

Bullfighting is a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. Plaza México in Mexico City, is the largest bullring in the world, which seats 55,000 people. Professional wrestling (or Lucha libre in Spanish) is a major crowd draw with national promotions such as AAA, LLL, CMLL and others.

Mexico is an international power in professional boxing (at the amateur level, several Olympic boxing medals have also been won by Mexico). Vicente Saldivar, Rubén Olivares, Salvador Sánchez, Julio César Chávez, Ricardo Lopez and Erik Morales are but a few Mexican fighters who have been ranked among the best of all time.

Notable Mexican athletes include golfer Lorena Ochoa, who is currently ranked first in the LPGA world rankings, Ana Guevara, former world champion of the and Olympic subchampion in Athens 2004, and Fernando Platas, a numerous Olympic medal winning diver.

Health care

Since the early 1990s, Mexico entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Germany or Japan. Although all Mexicans are entitled to receive medical care by the state, 50.3 million Mexicans had no medical insurance as of 2002. Efforts to increase the number of people are being made, and the current administration intends to achieve universal health care by 2011.

Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities, but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care.

State-funded institutions such as Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) and the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country.

Medical training is done mostly at public universities with much specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Mexico, such as the University of Guadalajara, have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in Medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Mexico are on average lower than that of its North American economic partners.

Education

Mexico has one of the oldest traditions of education in the world with the Aztec empire being the first recorded civilization requiring mandatory universal education for all citizens. The Aztec system had been destroyed by the Spanish who then replaced it with the European based system of their own.

Mexico has one of the highest student-to-teaching staff ratio in the world with 26 students per teacher nationwide, when all levels from pre-kindergarten through post secondary education are included. According to the OCED, compared to students from the worlds thirty most developed nations, Mexican students came in fourth in problem solving, third in science and technology and eighth in mathematics. In 2004, the literacy rate was at 97% for youth under the age of 14 and 91% for people over 15, placing Mexico at the 24th place in the world rank accordingly to UNESCO.

The National Autonomous University of Mexico ranks 15th place in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by The Times Higher Education Supplement in 2008. One of the most prestigious private universities is Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM). It was ranked by the Wall Street Journal as the 7th top International School worldwide.

Law enforcement

Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police department are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the Mexican Federal Police is in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Secretaría de Seguridad Pública (Secretary of Public Security). The General Attorney's Office (Procuraduría General de la República, PGR) is the executive power's agency in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking, espionage, and bank robberies. The PGR operates the Federal Investigations Agency (Agencia Federal de Investigación, AFI) an investigative and preventive agency.

While the government respects the human rights of most citizens, serious abuses of power have been reported in security operations in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods. The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations. By law, all defendants have the rights that assure them fair trials and human treatment; however, the system is overburdened and overwhelmed with several problems.

Despite the efforts of the authorities to fight crime and fraud, few Mexicans have strong confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens. The ''Global Integrity Index'' which measures the existence and effectiveness of national anti-corruption mechanisms rated Mexico 31st behind Kenya, Thailand, and Russia. In 2008, president Calderón proposed a major reform of the judicial system, which was approved by the Congress of the Union, which included oral trials, the presumption of innocence for defendants, the authority of local police to investigate crime—until then a prerogative of special police units—and several other changes intended to speed up trials.

Crime

Total crimes per capita average 12 per 1,000 people in Mexico, ranking 39th in a survey of 60 countries. As of 2009 Mexico's homicide rate varied from 10~14 per 100,000 inhabitants; the world average is 10.9 per 100,000 inhabitants. Drug-traffic and narco-related activities are a major concern in Mexico.

Current president Felipe Calderón made abating drug-trafficking one of the top priorities of his administration. In a very controversial move, Calderón deployed military personnel to cities where drug cartels operate. While this move has been criticized by the opposition parties and the National Human Rights Commission, its effects have been praised by the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs as having obtained "unprecedented results..." with "many important successes". Since President Felipe Calderón launched a crackdown against cartels in 2006 more than 28,000 alleged criminals have been killed. Of the total drug-related violence only 4% are innocent people, mostly by-passers and people trapped in between shootings; 90% accounts for criminals and 6% for military personnel and police officers. In October 2007, the president Calderón and US president George W. Bush announced the Mérida Initiative a historic plan of law enforcement cooperation between the two countries.

See also

International rankings of Mexico

List of Mexicans

State governments of Mexico

References

Bibliography

External links

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ace:Meksiko af:Meksiko als:Mexiko am:ሜክሲኮ ang:Mexico ar:المكسيك an:Mexico arc:ܡܟܣܝܩܘ frp:Mexique ast:Méxicu gn:Méjiko ay:Mïxiku az:Meksika bm:Mɛkisiki bn:মেক্সিকো zh-min-nan:Be̍k-se-ko ba:Мексика be:Мексіка be-x-old:Мэксыка bcl:Mehiko bi:Mexico bar:Mexiko bo:མེག་སི་ཀོ། bs:Meksiko br:Mec'hiko bg:Мексико ca:Mèxic cv:Мексика ceb:Mehiko cs:Mexiko cbk-zam:México cy:Mexico da:Mexico de:Mexiko dv:މެކްސިކޯ nv:Méhigo dsb:Mexiko dz:མེཀསི་ཀོ་ et:Mehhiko el:Μεξικό es:México eo:Meksiko ext:Méjicu eu:Mexiko ee:Mexico fa:مکزیک hif:Mexico fo:Meksiko fr:Mexique fy:Meksiko fur:Messic ga:Meicsiceo gv:Meksico gd:Meagsago gl:México gan:墨西哥 hak:Me̍t-sî-kô xal:Мексикудин Ниицәтә Орн Нутгуд ko:멕시코 haw:Mekiko hy:Մեքսիկա hi:मेक्सिको hsb:Mexiko hr:Meksiko io:Mexikia ilo:Mexico bpy:মেক্সিকো id:Meksiko ia:Mexico iu:ᒦᒃᓰᖂ/miiksiiquu ik:Mexiqo os:Мексикæ is:Mexíkó it:Messico he:מקסיקו jv:Mèksiko kl:Mexico kn:ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ pam:Mexico krc:Мексика ka:მექსიკა kk:Мексика kw:Meksiko rw:Megizike ky:Мексика sw:Mexiko kv:Мексика ht:Meksik ku:Meksîk mrj:Мексика lad:Méxiko la:Mexicum lv:Meksika lb:Mexiko lt:Meksika lij:Mexico li:Mexico ln:Mexiko jbo:mexygu'e lmo:Messich hu:Mexikó mk:Мексико mg:Meksika ml:മെക്സിക്കോ mi:Mehiko mr:मेक्सिको arz:الميكسيك mzn:مکزیک ms:Mexico mwl:México mn:Мексик my:မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ nah:Mēxihco na:Meketiko nl:Mexico (land) nds-nl:Mexico (laand) ne:मेक्सिको ja:メキシコ frr:Meksikoo pih:Meksikoe no:Mexico nn:Mexico nov:Mexiko oc:Mexic mhr:Мексика uz:Meksika pfl:Mexiko pag:Mexico pnb:میکسیکو pap:Mexico km:ម៉ិចស៊ិក pms:Méssich tpi:Meksiko nds:Mexiko pl:Meksyk pt:México kbd:Мексикэ crh:Meksika ro:Mexic rmy:Mexiko rm:Mexico qu:Mishiku rue:Мексіко ru:Мексика sah:Мексика se:Meksiko sm:Mexico sc:Mèssicu sco:Mexico stq:Mexiko sq:Meksika scn:Mèssicu simple:Mexico ss:IMekisikho sk:Mexiko sl:Mehika szl:Meksyk so:Meksiko ckb:مەکسیک srn:Meksikokondre sr:Мексико sh:Meksiko su:Méksiko fi:Meksiko sv:Mexiko tl:Mehiko ta:மெக்சிகோ roa-tara:Messiche tt:Мексика te:మెక్సికో th:ประเทศเม็กซิโก tg:Мексика chr:ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ chy:Meško tr:Meksika tk:Meksika uk:Мексика ur:میکسیکو ug:مېكسىكا vec:Mèsico vi:México vo:Mäxikän fiu-vro:Mehhiko zh-classical:墨西哥 war:Mehiko wo:Meksik wuu:墨西哥 yi:מעקסיקא yo:Mẹ́ksíkò zh-yue:墨西哥 diq:Meksika bat-smg:Meksėka zh:墨西哥

Name	Juan Manuel Márquez
Realname	Juan Manuel Márquez Méndez
Nickname	Dinamita
Weight	WelterweightLight WelterweightLightweightSuper FeatherweightFeatherweight
Height
Reach
Nationality
Birth date	August 23, 1973
Birth place	Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
Style	Orthodox
Total	59
Wins	53
Ko	39
Losses	5
Draws	1 }}

Juan Manuel Márquez Méndez (born August 23, 1973 in Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico), is a Mexican professional boxer. He is the fourth Mexican-born boxer to become a three-division world champion, where he won eight world titles in three different boxing weight classes.

Currently, Marquez is the WBA, WBO and ''The Ring'' Lightweight World Champion. ''Ring Magazine'' currently rates Márquez as the number four pound-for-pound boxer in the world.

Personal life

Juan Manuel is the brother of Rafael Márquez, who is a former world champion at the Bantamweight and Super bantamweight division. They both trained under Ignacio Beristain and Assistant Gildardo Márquez, who is considered as one of México's best boxing trainers. At one time, the two were listed in Ring Magazine's top ten pound-for-pound list. They are one of four sets of Mexican brothers to hold world titles. Márquez and his wife, Erika, have two sons and a daughter.

Fighting style

An orthodox boxer, Marquez is known for his speed and counter-punching style. His fighting style is elusive because in most of his fights, he's always rotating or moving his left hand and releasing overhand punches. He is also known for his precision power punching and devastating uppercuts. He is also noted as being one of the best combination punchers in the sport, capable of stringing together long series of punches from various angles that often forces his opponent onto the backfoot.

Amateur career

Márquez had an amateur record of 35-1 that included two Golden Glove tournament wins. He made his professional boxing debut at age 19 on May 29, 1993, and lost his first bout via disqualification to Javier Duran.

Professional career

Featherweight

Márquez remained undefeated for another six years as he compiled a record of 29-1 that included a win against future champion Agapito Sanchez, and former champions Julio Gervacio, and Alfred Kotey. In 1997, Márquez won the NABO Featherweight title, which he defended seven times. During this time, he was referred to as the "best fighter without a world title". Márquez was WBO Featherweight champion Naseem Hamed's mandatory challenger for 22 straight months, however, the WBO allowed Hamed to schedule other fights instead.

Márquez earned his first bout for a world title on September 11, 1999, when he lost a controversial decision to then-unbeaten WBA featherweight champion Freddie Norwood. Marquez was the aggressor throughout most of the bout but fought tentatively as Norwood was reluctant to engage, and often wrestled with Marquez in the many clinches. Marquez was knocked down in the second round. In the 8th round, Norwood's glove touched the canvas after an exchange, however, it was not ruled a knock down by the referee who was standing opposite to the action. In the 9th round, Marquez scored a knockdown after a two punch combination. HBO Punchstat had Norwood landing 73 out of 290 punches thrown to Marquez's 89 out of 444.

On November 20, 1999, Márquez faced Remigio Molina, and defeated him in eight rounds. In 2000, he defeated former champion Daniel Jimenez, and five fights later, he defeated future champion Robbie Peden in ten rounds, and captured the NABF, and USBA Featherweight titles.

Juan Manuel "Dinamita" Márquez received his second bout for a world title on January 2, 2003, when he defeated five-time featherweight champion Manuel Medina, and captured the vacant IBF Featherweight title. In the 2nd round, Marquez connected with a three-punch combination that floored Medina. The fight was stopped in the 7th round after Marquez knocked Medina down for a second time.

He then defeated Derrick Gainer later in the year in a unification bout to win the WBA Featherweight title and become "Super Champion".

In May 2004, Márquez fought Manny Pacquiao in a controversial bout that was scored a draw. In the first round Márquez was caught cold, as he was knocked down three times by a more lively Pacquiao. However, Márquez showed great heart to recover from the early knockdowns, and at the end of a very close second round it was clear that this would be a long night for Pacquiao. Márquez was able to counterpunch effectively, winning the middle rounds and effectively countering Pacquiao in closely fought later rounds; however, the fight was ultimately ruled a draw. Many fans who were startled at Márquez surviving the first round saw Márquez take control of the fight thereafter, only to be denied the win on the judges' scorecards. The final scores were 115-110 for Márquez, 115-110 for Pacquiao, and 113-113. One of the judges (who scored the bout 113-113) later admitted to making an error on the scorecards, because he had scored the first round as "10-7" in favor of Pacquiao instead of the standard "10-6" for a three-knockdown round.

On September 18, 2004, Márquez defeated future champion Orlando Salido. In 2005, Márquez was stripped of his WBA, and IBF Featherweight titles, for his inability to defend it against various boxers after potential bouts failed to draw a bid. In 2006, Márquez attempted to regain a title, coming up short in a controversial decision loss to undefeated Indonesian boxer Chris John for the WBA Featherweight championship title. The disputed decision led to the Ring Magazine's removal of Márquez from its pound-for-pound top 10 list.

In late 2006, Márquez captured the WBO Interim Featherweight title defeating Thai boxer Terdsak Jandaeng, and defending it against Filipino boxer Jimrex Jaca with a nine round knockout in Hidalgo, Texas. Márquez was promoted to world champion status in December 2006 when previous champion Scott Harrison vacated the title. Márquez vacated the Featherweight title the following year to challenge WBC Super Featherweight champion Marco Antonio Barrera.

Super Featherweight

On March 17, 2007, Márquez became the WBC Super Featherweight champion by defeating Barrera in Las Vegas via unanimous decision, by the official scores of 116-111, 116-111, and 118-109. Márquez's first defense of his title was to be held on September 15, 2007 against Argentinian boxer Jorge Rodrigo Barrios. However, Barrios withdrew from the bout due to injury, prompting American boxer Rocky Juárez to challenge Márquez for the title on November 3, 2007 in a losing effort.

On November 29, 2007, Márquez announced that he would defend his championship title against Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao, whom he fought to a controversial draw in 2004. On March 15, 2008, Juan Manuel Márquez lost his Super Featherweight Championship to Manny Pacquiao via split decision. Márquez suffered a knockdown in the third round that proved to be the difference in the decision as the remaining rounds were scored dead even. Compubox scoring had Juan Manuel Márquez landing 42/201 (21%) more jabs to Pacquiao's 43/314 (14%) jabs, it also had Márquez scoring 130/310 (42%) more power punches to Pacquiao's 114/305 (37%) power punches. Richard Schaefer, Golden Boy Promotions CEO, offered a $6 million guarantee to Pacquiao for a rematch. Pacquiao's promoter, Bob Arum, said, “I’m not saying they’ll never fight again, but you have to let it bake for a while”. Pacquiao said: "I don't think so, this business is over" as he plans to move up to the lightweight division.

Lightweight

Juan Manuel Marquez vs. Joel Casamayor

Márquez moved up to the Lightweight division in order to fight the lineal Ring lightweight champion Joel Casamayor on the weekend leading up to Mexican Independence Day at the MGM Grand, Las Vegas. On September 13, 2008, he defeated Casamayor in the 11th round after two knockdowns, and captured his sixth world title in three different weight classes. In the first four rounds of the bout, Márquez continually walked into counter punches from Casamayor. It took Márquez until the fifth round to be able to find the range with his right hand. By the fifth round, a cut over Casamayor's right eye was opened from a clash of heads. Rounds five, six, seven, and eight were rounds where Márquez landed straight punches from the outside, but he was also struck by Casamayor whenever he lunged forward. Two minutes into the eleventh round, Casamayor was knocked down by a right punch as he pulled away from an intense exchange. Casamayor was able to get on his feet, but it was clear he was still shakey from the knockdown. As soon as the action was allowed to resume, Márquez went in for the kill as he let his punches go in furious combination. Casamayor punched back, but he was knocked down again with about 7 seconds left in the round. Referee Tony Weeks stepped in the bout, and stopped the fight as he deemed Casamyor unable to continue. The official judges had the fight scored 95-95, 95-95, and 97-93 for Márquez before the 11th round knockout. After the win, Ring magazine ranked Márquez second on its pound for pound list, and rated him the number one boxer in the Lightweight division.

Juan Manuel Marquez vs. Juan Diaz

On February 28, 2009, Márquez defeated IBO champion, and former WBA, IBF, and WBO Lightweight champion Juan Díaz by knockout. Díaz controlled the fight early in the bout as the two boxers exchanged punches. Díaz opened a cut above Márquez's right eye in the fifth round, and looked to control the bout, but Márquez responded by opening a gash above Díaz's right eye, and stunning him with a left hook before the end of the eighth round. Márquez landed two hard rights to Díaz's face in a three-punch combination that knocked Díaz down with 35 seconds remaining in the ninth round. Díaz rose, but seconds later, Márquez followed with a right uppercut to the chin that knocked Díaz down for a second time. Referee Rafael Ramos waved an end to the fight after two minutes and 40 seconds of the ninth round. With the victory, Márquez defended his Ring Lightweight title, and claimed the WBO, the WBA, and the IBO Lightweight championship titles. After the fight Márquez expressed an interest in fighting Floyd Mayweather Jr. This fight was named "Fight of the Year" for 2009 by ESPN.com.

Welterweight

Number One/Número Uno

Márquez moved up to the Welterweight division, and fought undefeated and former number one pound for pound champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. The fight was scheduled to take place at 144 lbs on July 18, 2009 at the MGM Grand arena; but was postponed due to a rib injury sustained by Mayweather. The bout was rescheduled and held on September 19, 2009. During the official weigh in for their 144 lb bout, Márquez weighed in at 142 lbs and Mayweather weighed in at 146 lbs thereby incurring a financial penalty as he was 2 pounds over the catchweight. Although, it was later found out that an agreement had been found between both parties just before the weigh-in which allowed Mayweather to come in over the catchweight. Márquez looked slightly fleshy and uncomfortable with the move up in weight but despite being knocked down in the 2nd round, showed great heart to go the distance against Mayweather. Mayweather defeated Márquez by unanimous decision.

This fight marks only the fifth time in boxing history that a non-heavyweight fight sold more than 1 million pay-per-views, with the official HBO numbers coming in at over 1 million buys equalling a total of approximately $52 million. Four of those fights all featured Oscar De La Hoya as the main event, making this fight the one of two events where a non-heavyweight fight sold over 1 million PPVs without Oscar De La Hoya. The other fight was Manny Pacquiao vs. Miguel Cotto which sold 1.25 million PPVs.

Return to Lightweight

Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Juan Díaz II

When asked upon his return to the lightweight division, Márquez said: "I came back to lightweight because at welterweight I lost a lot of speed".

Márquez then began negotiations for a rematch with Juan Díaz. Golden Boy CEO Richard Schaefer said the fight for Marquez's title was being planned for July 10 as the main event of an HBO PPV card. He said it would "probably" take place at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. After his comeback in 2010, fellow Mexican boxer Erik Morales said he would like to fight Márquez. Morales returned two divisions higher in 2010, as a welterweight. However, Márquez has also stated that he would be interested in a fight with Ricky Hatton.

The Marquez-Díaz rematch took place on July 31, 2010 at the Mandalay Bay. Márquez's titles were also at stake. Prior to the bout, the WBO ordered the Márquez-Díaz winner to fight mandatory challenger Michael Katsidis. Marquez won the fight via unanimous decision by the official scores of 117-111, 116-112, and 118-110. After the Díaz rematch, Márquez stated that he was interested in pursuing a third fight with Manny Pacquiao. There was also a possibility of him moving up to light welterweight to face any of the titleholders at the time: Timothy Bradley, Devon Alexander or Amir Khan, all of whom were fighting on HBO.

Juan Manuel Márquez vs Michael Katsidis

A few weeks after the Juan Díaz fight, Golden Boy Promotions officially announced that Márquez would defend his lightweight titles against mandatory challenger, WBO interim Michael Katsidis, on November 27, 2010 at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas and that the bout would be televised live on HBO Championship Boxing. During the official weigh in for their 135 lb bout, Márquez came in at 134 pounds, while Katsidis came in on the limit of 135 pounds. Despite being knocked down in the third round Marquez came back and defeated Katsidis by a ninth round TKO to retain the lightweight belts. At the time of the stoppage, the Mexican boxer was ahead on all the scorecards by 77-74, 78-74, and 76-75. During the post fight interview he once again expessed his interest in a third fight with Manny Pacquiao.

Márquez holds the distinction of being the oldest champion in the history of the lightweight division.

Return to Welterweight

Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum stated that a third meeting with Márquez could happen in November 2011, providing Pacquiao defeated his next opponent opponent Shane Mosley on May 7. On May 10, Márquez accepted an offer from Top Rank to fight Pacquiao for his WBO Welterweight Title at a catchweight of 144 pounds. On May 18, Márquez signed the deal to fight Pacquiao for the third time on November 12 at Las Vegas.

Professional record

|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;" |align="center" colspan=8|53 Wins (39 knockouts, 14 decisions), 5 Losses (0 knockouts, 5 decisions), 1 Draw |- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;" |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res. |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rd., Time |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |-align=center |||||align=left| Manny Pacquiao | || || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 53-5-1 ||align=left| Likar Ramos | || 1 , 1:46 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 52-5-1 ||align=left| Michael Katsidis | || 9 , 2:14 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 51-5-1 ||align=left| Juan Díaz | || 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 50-5-1 ||align=left| Floyd Mayweather Jr. | || 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 50-4-1 ||align=left| Juan Díaz | || 9 , 2:40 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 49-4-1 ||align=left| Joel Casamayor ||| 11 , 2:55 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 48-4-1 ||align=left| Manny Pacquiao ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 48-3-1 ||align=left| Rocky Juarez ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 47-3-1 ||align=left| Marco Antonio Barrera |||12 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 46-3-1 ||align=left| Jimrex Jaca ||| 9 , 2:48 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 45-3-1 ||align=left| Terdsak Kokietgym ||| 7 , 1:13 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 44-3-1 ||align=left| Chris John ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 44-2-1 ||align=left| Victor Polo ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 43-2-1 || align=left| Orlando Salido ||| 12 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |style="background: #B0C4DE"| || 42-2-1 ||align=left| Manny Pacquiao ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 42-2 ||align=left| Derrick Gainer |||7 , 2:37 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 41-2 ||align=left| Marcos Licona ||| 9 , 3:00 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 40-2 ||align=left| Manuel Medina ||| 7 , 1:18 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 39-2 ||align=left| Hector Marquez ||| 10 , 0:28 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 38-2 ||align=left| Robbie Peden ||| 10 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 37-2 ||align=left| Johnny Walker ||| 1 , 0:56 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 36-2 ||align=left| Julio Gamboa ||| 7 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 35-2 ||align=left| Baby Lorona Jr. ||| 2 , 2:50 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 34-2 ||align=left| Sean Fletcher ||| 7 , 1:54 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 33-2 ||align=left| Reynante Jamili ||| 3 (1:14) || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 32-2 ||align=left| Daniel Jiménez ||| 7 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 31-2 ||align=left| Roque Cassiani ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 30-2 ||align=left| Remigio Molina ||| 8 , 2:01 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 29-2 ||align=left| Freddie Norwood ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 29-1 ||align=left| Wilfredo Vargas ||| 2 , 2:02 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 28-1 ||align=left| Jose de Jesus Garcia ||| 1 , 1:54 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 27-1 ||align=left| Francisco Arreola ||| 3 , 2:24 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 26-1 ||align=left| Enrique Jupiter ||| 8 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 25-1 ||align=left| Juan Gerardo Cabrera ||| 4 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 24-1 ||align=left| Luis Samudio ||| 9 , 2:18 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 23-1 ||align=left| Alfred Kotey ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 22-1 ||align=left| Vincent Howard ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 21-1 ||align=left| Catalino Becerra |||7 , 1:37 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 20-1 ||align=left| Agapito Sánchez ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 19-1 ||align=left| Cedric Mingo ||| 10 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 18-1 ||align=left| Rodrigo Valenzuela ||| 8 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 17-1 ||align=left| Darryl Pinckney ||| 10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 16-1 || align=left| Freddy Cruz ||| 10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 15-1 ||align=left| Julio Gervacio ||| 8 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 14-1 ||align=left| Hector Ulises Chong |||4 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 13-1 ||align=left| Julian Wheeler ||| 10 , 2:55 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 12-1 ||align=left| Miguel Rodriguez ||| 1 , 2:30 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 11-1 ||align=left| Julio Cesar Portillo ||| 6 , 2:10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 10-1 ||align=left| Julio Sanchez Leon ||| 10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 9-1 ||align=left| Martin Ochoa ||| 1 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 8-1 ||align=left| Israel Gonzalez ||| 4 , 0:34 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 7-1 ||align=left| Jose Luis Montes ||| 2 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 6-1 ||align=left| Israel Flores ||| 4 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 5-1 ||align=left| Gregorio Silva ||| 2 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 4-1 ||align=left| Roman Poblano ||| 6 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 3-1 ||align=left| Isaac Cortes ||| 5 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 2-1 ||align=left| Israel Flores ||| 2 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 1-1 || align=left| Javier Quiroz ||| 3 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |win Loss || 0-1 ||align=left| Javier Duran ||| 1 || ||align=left| |align=left|

See also

Notable boxing families

List of boxing triple champions

List of featherweight boxing champions

List of super featherweight boxing champions

List of lightweight boxing champions

Reigning boxing champions

Ring Magazine pound for pound

List of current world boxing champions

List of Mexican boxing world champions

List of The Ring world champions

References

External links

Juan Manuel Márquez Fight-by-Fight Career Record

HBO: Fighters: Juan Manuel Márquez Article

|- {{s-ttl | title=IBF Featherweight Champion| years=February 1, 2003 – August 15, 2005Stripped}} |- {{s-ttl | title=WBA Featherweight Super Champion| years=November 1, 2003 – August 22, 2005Stripped}} |- |- {{s-ttl| title=WBC Super Featherweight Champion| years=March 17, 2007 – March 15, 2008}} |- {{s-ttl | title=IBO Lightweight Champion| years=February 28, 2009 – March 5, 2009Vacated}} |- {{s-ttl | title=The Ring Magazine Lightweight Champion| years=September 13, 2008 – ''present''}} |- {{s-ttl | title=WBA Lightweight Super Champion| years=February 28, 2009 – ''present''}} |- {{s-ttl | title=WBO Lightweight Champion| years=February 28, 2009 – ''present''}}

Category:Mexican boxers Category:Sportspeople from Mexico City Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:World Boxing Organization Champions Category:International Boxing Federation Champions Category:World lightweight boxing champions Category:World super-featherweight boxing champions Category:World featherweight boxing champions Category:1973 births Category:Living people

bcl:Juan Manuel Marquez de:Juan Manuel Márquez es:Juan Manuel Márquez fr:Juan Manuel Márquez id:Juan Manuel Marquez Mendez it:Juan Manuel Márquez ja:ファン・マヌエル・マルケス pl:Juan Manuel Márquez ru:Маркес, Хуан Мануэль fi:Juan Manuel Márquez tl:Juan Manuel Márquez th:ฮวน มานวยล์ มาร์เกซ

name	Katy Perry
background	solo_singer
birth name	Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson
alias	Katy Hudson
birth date	October 25, 1984
birth place	Santa Barbara, California, U.S.
genre	Pop, rock, gospel
occupation	Singer-songwriter, actress
instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano
years active	2001–present
label	Red Hill, Island, Columbia, Capitol
website	}}

Katy Perry (born Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson; October 25, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Born in Santa Barbara, California, and raised by Christian pastor parents. Perry grew up listening to only gospel music and sang in her local church as a child. After earning a GED during her first year of high school, she began to pursue a career in music. As Katy Hudson, she released a self-titled gospel album in 2001, which was unsuccessful. She later recorded an album with production team The Matrix and completed the majority of a solo album from 2004–05, the later of which was never released. Perry is the first female artist to get five hits on the Billboard Hot 100 in one year.

After signing with Capitol Music Group in 2007, her fourth record label in seven years, she adopted the stage name Katy Perry and released her first Internet single "Ur So Gay" that November, which garnered public attention but failed to chart. She rose to fame with the release of her second single "I Kissed a Girl" in 2008, which went on to top international charts. Perry's first mainstream studio album ''One of the Boys'' followed later that year and subsequently became the 33rd-best selling album worldwide of 2008. It was accredited platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America, while "I Kissed a Girl" and her second single "Hot n Cold" both received multi-platinum certifications.

Her second studio album ''Teenage Dream'' was released in August 2010 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The album included the Billboard chart-toppers "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", and "E.T." and most recently "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)". The album produced five Hot 100 toppers, making ''Teenage Dream'' only the second album—after Michael Jackson's ''Bad''—to do so. With "E.T." at number one on the chart of May 12, 2011, Perry became the first artist in history to spend 52 consecutive weeks in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100.

Perry was a guest judge on the seventh series of British television show ''The X Factor'', has released a fragrance called "Purr", and voices Smurfette in the 2011 film ''The Smurfs''. Perry had a long relationship with Travie McCoy; she married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010.

Early life and career

1984–2006: Early life and career beginnings

Perry was born Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson in Santa Barbara, California to Keith, a West Coast scenester in the 1960s, and Mary Hudson (née Perry), an evangelist who grew up in Southern California and had "a tempestuous first marriage in Zimbabwe". Perry has German, Portuguese, Irish, and English ancestry. She is the second child of two pastors. She has an older sister and younger brother. Perry's mother's aunt and uncle were screenwriter Eleanor Perry and director Frank Perry.

Perry was incorporated into her parents' ministry and sang in their church between the ages of nine and seventeen. She grew up listening to gospel music, was not allowed to listen to what her mother called "secular music", and attended Christian schools and camps. As a child, Perry learned how to dance in a recreation building in Santa Barbara. She was taught by seasoned dancers and began with swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug. She took her GED after her freshman year at Dos Pueblos High School and decided to leave school in the pursuit of a career in music. Perry initially started singing "because [she] was at that point in [her] childhood where [she] was copycatting [her] sister and everything she [would do]." Her sister practiced with cassette tapes, while Perry took the tapes herself when her sister was not around. She rehearsed the songs and performed them in front of her parents, who suggested she take vocal coaching. She grabbed the opportunity and began taking lessons at the age of nine and continued until she was sixteen. She later enrolled in at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara, and studied Italian opera for a short period of time.

At the age of 15, Perry's singing in church attracted the attention of rock veterans from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to polish her writing skills. In Nashville, Perry started recording demos and was taught by country music veterans on how to craft songs and play guitar. Perry signed to the Christian music label Red Hill, under which she recorded her first album at the age of 15. Performing as Katy Hudson, she released the self-titled Gospel-rock album in 2001. The album was unsuccessful, however, after the label ceased operations at the end of 2001. She later changed her surname to Perry, her mother's maiden name, because "Katy Hudson" was too close to film actress Kate Hudson.

At the age of 17, Perry left her home for Los Angeles, where she worked with Glen Ballard on an album for record label Island. Growing up listening to mostly gospel music, Perry had few references when she began recording songs. Asked by the producer with whom she would like to collaborate, Perry had no idea. That night, she went with her mother to a hotel. Inside, she turned on VH1 and saw producer Glen Ballard talking about Alanis Morissette; Ballard produced Morissette's ''Jagged Little Pill'', which had had a "huge influence" on Perry. She expressed interest in working with Ballard to her initial collaborator, who arranged a meeting for her with Ballard in Los Angeles. Perry presented one her songs to Ballard, and received a call back a day later. Ballard then helped Perry develop her songwriting over the next few years. The album was due for release in 2005, but ''Billboard'' reported it also went nowhere. Perry was dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group. Some of Perry and Ballard's collaborations included "Box", "Diamonds" and "Long Shot", were posted on her official MySpace page. "Simple", one of the songs she recorded with Ballard, was released on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.

Perry signed to Columbia Records in 2004. However, the label was not amenable with her vision, not putting her in the "driver's seat". Instead, one of Columbia's ideas was to pair Perry with the record production team The Matrix, who was working on an album, to serve as its female vocalist. Although the album was later shelved, she caught the attention of the music press: Her burgeoning music career led to her being named "The Next Big Thing" in October 2004 by ''Blender'' magazine. With no album project ongoing, Perry began recording her own. Eighty percent completed, however, Columbia decided not to finish it and dropped her off the label. While waiting to find another label, she worked in an independent A&R company called Taxi Music. In 2006, Perry was featured in the tail-end of the video to P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now". She made a cameo appearance in Carbon Leaf's video, "Learn to Fly". She also appeared in other videos like Timbaland's "If We Ever Meet Again" and more. There were other videos she was included in too.

2007–09: ''One of the Boys'' and ''MTV Unplugged''

While in the process of being dropped by Columbia in 2006, the company's publicity executive Angelica Cob-Baehler enthusiastically recommended Perry to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. At the time Flom was leading a complete revival in fortunes at the label and looking to crown recent achievements by breaking a global pop act. Despite mixed reactions from fellow Virgin executives, Flom became convinced that Perry could be that breakthrough star, and at the start of 2007 extended discussions with Columbia resulted in Katy Perry signing to the newly created Capitol Music Group, a merger between Virgin and Capitol. As part of the deal, the label secured the masters to the unfinished album, recorded while at Columbia, that would go on form a significant part of her official mainstream debut album, ''One of the Boys''. The Columbia recordings were seen by Flom as being "very strong but lacking an undeniable smash or two that would work both at U.S. pop radio and internationally" and so one of the executive's first actions after completing the signing was to set up a collaboration between Perry and the writer-producer Dr. Luke. The results were the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold". Establishing her image was one of the immediate concerns of her management. A campaign was started in November 2007 with the release of the video to "Ur So Gay", aimed at introducing her to the music market. A digital EP led by "Ur So Gay" was later released to create online buzz and press story. This was a successful move that resulted in bringing Perry to the attention of Madonna, who mentioned her on KISS FM and KRQ's ''JohnJay & Rich'' morning show in Arizona. On March 10, 2008, she appeared as herself on the ABC Family television series, ''Wildfire'', on the episode "Life's Too Short".

She went on the next step of promoting the album, undertaking a two-month tour of radio stations. The album's official lead single, "I Kissed a Girl", was released on May 6, 2008. Perry's A&R, Chris Anokute, told HitQuarters the song and its controversial theme met with strong resistance at the label, "People said, 'This is never going to get played on the radio. How do we sell this? How’s this going to be played in the bible belt?'" Anokute said that they needed the support of one of the label's radio promoters to convince people to believe in the record otherwise Perry would have likely been dropped again. Capitol's SVP of Promotions Dennis Reese saw the vision and helped push the single on national radio. The first station to pick it up and take a chance was The River in Nashville. After playing it for three days they were innundated with enthusiastic calls. With the song climbing atop the charts, Perry embarked on the annual Warped Tour music festival, which her management used to "establish her as a credible performer and make sure she wasn't seen as just a one-hit wonder." The single was a commercial success, peaking at number one for seven weeks on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It has since become a major worldwide hit, topping charts in 30 countries, including Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. On June 12, 2008, Perry appeared as herself on the daytime soap opera ''The Young and the Restless'', posing for the cover to the June 2008 issue of the fictional magazine ''Restless Style''. Perry also performed backing vocals on the song, "Another Night in the Hills" from Gavin Rossdale's 2008 solo album ''Wanderlust''.

''One of the Boys'' was released on June 17, 2008 to mixed critical reviews. The album has reached number nine on the ''Billboard'' 200, and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Perry released her second single, "Hot n Cold", which became her second top three single in dozens of countries around the world, including the United States where it reached number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, as well as topping the charts in Germany, Canada, and Denmark. After Perry wrapped up her appearance at the Warped Tour, she went on tours in Europe. She later launched her first headlining tour, the Hello Katy Tour, in January 2009. "I Kissed a Girl" earned Perry a nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2009 Grammy Awards. Perry was nominated in five categories at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, including Best New Artist and Best Female Video, but lost to Britney Spears. She won Best New Act at the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards, which she co-hosted, and Best International Female Artist at the 2009 BRIT Awards. On February 9, 2009, both "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" were certified three-time platinum by Recording Industry Association of America for individual digital sales of over three million. The Guinness Book of World Records recognized Perry in its 2010 version as the "Best Start on the US Digital Chart by a Female Artist," for having her first two singles sell over two million digital copies.

The Matrix's self-titled debut album, which features Perry, was later released via the team's label, Let's Hear It, during Perry's solo tour. When the release date was scheduled, "I Kissed a Girl" had been charting well. Matrix member Lauren Christy spoke to Perry about the decision, but she wanted to hold the release until the fourth single of ''One of the Boys'' had been dispatched. Despite their communication, ''The Matrix'' was released on January 27, 2009, via iTunes Store. thumb|left|upright|Perry performing in June 2009 In December 2008, Perry apologized to British singer Lily Allen for remarks in which she called herself a "skinnier version" of her, saying she meant it as a joke. Allen retaliated and told a British radio station that she "happen[ed] to know for a fact that she [Perry] was an American version" of her because their record company needed "to find something controversial and 'kooky'" like her.

On May 16, 2009, Perry performed at the opening ceremony of the annual Life Ball in Vienna, Austria. In June 2009, lawyers acting for Katy Perry opposed the recent trademark of Australian fashion designer Katie Perry who uses her own name to market loungewear. Some media outlets reported this as a lawsuit, which Katy Perry has denied on her blog. Katie Perry the designer reports on her blog that at a hearing with IP Australia on July 10, 2009, the singer's lawyers withdrew their opposition to the trademark. During the summer of 2009 Perry filmed a cameo appearance for ''Get Him to the Greek''; her scene, in which she kisses her future fiancé Russell Brand was cut, and does not appear in the final film. Discussing the issue with MTV, Perry hypothesized there may have been some fear that seeing the two make out would have taken viewers out of the experience. In 2009, Perry was featured on two singles: a remix of Colorado-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in August (the idea for the collaboration came after Perry's tour that featured 3OH!3 as the supporting act). The song was released over iTunes on September 8, 2009; and "If We Ever Meet Again", the fourth single off Timbaland's album ''Shock Value II'' in December. In October 2009, ''MTV Unplugged'' revealed that Perry was one of the artists to perform for them, and that she would be releasing a live album of the performance, including two new tracks, "Brick by Brick" and Fountains of Wayne cover "Hackensack". The album was released on November 17, and includes both a CD and a DVD.

2010–present: ''Teenage Dream'' and Film debut

Perry appeared as a guest judge alongside Simon Cowell, Cheryl Cole and Louis Walsh during the Dublin audition stage of the seventh series of the British television show ''The X Factor'' on June 28, 2010 (later televised on August 28). She was one of the many celebrities chosen to fulfil the role of judge whilst Dannii Minogue was on maternity leave. She later returned to the show on October 17 to perform "Firework". Perry's second mainstream studio album was titled ''Teenage Dream'' and was released in August 2010. The first single from the album was titled "California Gurls". The single peaked at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and was the fastest rising single from a Capitol Records artist since Bobbie Gentry's "Ode to Billie Joe" in 1967. The cover art for ''Teenage Dream'' is a painting by Will Cotton in which depicts Perry lying naked on clouds of cotton candy; resembling the shots of Perry in the video for "California Gurls". The booklet of the physical edition of the album, in keeping with the theme of cotton candy, has a cotton candy scent. The album's second single "Teenage Dream" was released in July 2010. "Firework" is the album's third single.

Perry appeared at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. She was nominated for two awards, including the Best Female Video and Best Pop Video for "California Gurls", and presented the award of "Best Male Video" with Nicki Minaj to Eminem. On September 14, she returned to her old high school, Dos Pueblos High School, where she performed a short set for the school's students. Perry performed "Hot n Cold" with Elmo from ''Sesame Street'', which was originally to appear on the forty-first-season premiere of the educational children's program on September 27, 2010. However, four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced, "In light of the feedback we've received on the Katy Perry music video ... we have decided we will not air the segment on the television broadcast of ''Sesame Street'', which is aimed at preschoolers. Katy Perry fans will still be able to view the video on YouTube." The main reason was that parents complained about what appeared to be a great amount of cleavage shown by her dress. Perry shot the video for ''Firework'' in Budapest in September 2010. An open casting call drew an unprecedented 38,000 applicants. She proceeded to perform at a concert in Budapest on October 1, her first concert in Central and Eastern Europe. Perry released a perfume named "Purr" in November. It comes in a cat-shaped bottle, and is available through Nordstrom stores. ''Teenage Dream'' led Perry to nominations four awards at the 2011 Grammy Awards: Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Teenage Dream", and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "California Gurls". Following the Grammys, Perry released "E.T." as the fourth single from the album. The single was a remixed version featuring Kanye West. The music video for "E.T." was directed by Floria Sigismondi and features Shaun Ross as the main love interest. In June 2011, Perry released the fifth single, "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)". A remixed version featuring American rapper Missy Elliot was released in early August. The single has topped U.S. download and radio charts. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 on August 17, 2011, making Perry the first female artist ever to have five #1 singles from one album. Katy Perry appeared at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2011. She was nominated for ten awards, received the most nominations of the ceremony and was the only singer in history to have four different music videos shown on various categories, eventually winning three of those, including Video of the Year for "Firework", Best Collaboration and Best Special Effects for "E.T.".

On September 17, 2011, Perry hits the 69th consecutive weeks in the Top 10.

On September 23 she attended the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival, which was extended to October 2. During the show, produced one of the most striking scenes of the event, when he called to the scene ''Júlio César de Salvo'', a fan who was an anonymous until then. The man, who became known as "''Júlio de Sorocaba''", became an instant celebrity when he was "harassed" by the singer with a kiss, getting the opportunity to give back also one another. The fact made ​​headlines in most Brazilian television news programs, including the Fantástico and the Jornal Nacional, including therefore becoming a trend topic, not just in Twitter, but at Internet in general.

Artistry

Musical style and themes

Perry has a contralto vocal range. Perry's first album is of the gospel music genre. She related that her perspective in music was "a bit enclosed and very strict", and everything she did was church-related. Her second album, ''One of the Boys'', is described as "secular" and "rock," and reflects a departure from her religious musical roots. Her next album ''Teenage Dream'' featured more pop songs in the vein of ''Boys''. Among Perry's musical influences are Alanis Morissette, pop rockers Cyndi Lauper, Pat Benatar, Joan Jett, Shirley Manson, and Freddie Mercury, the late frontman of the British band Queen. In her tribute to Mercury on what would have been his 65th birthday, Perry stated; "Without you I wouldn't be making music or doing what I do because your lyrics inspired me as a 15 year old girl." She was especially inspired by the Queen song, "Killer Queen" to pursue a career in pop music after her first album. She also described Morissette's album, ''Jagged Little Pill'' as having influenced her music profoundly; even going on to work with Morissette's collaborator on the album, Glen Ballard because of that.

Perry is artistically involved in her projects, especially in the writing process. Since she could play guitar, she would start writing songs at home and present it to her producers. Perry is mostly inspired by specific moments of her life. She said it is easy for her to write songs about heartbreak. Most of the themes in ''One of the Boys'' deal with heartbreak, teen adventure, and "puking into toilets". Perry's mother reportedly told British tabloid ''Daily Mail'' that she dislikes her daughter's music, calling it "shameful and disgusting". Perry said her mother was misquoted and told MTV that it was false information. Her songs "Ur So Gay" and "I Kissed a Girl" have received negative reactions from both religious and gay sectors. The songs have been respectively labeled as being homophobic and promoting homosexuality, as well as "lez ploitational". MTV mentioned criticism suggesting that Perry is using "bi-curiosity" as a way to sell records. Perry responded to the controversy surrounding "Ur So Gay": "It's not a negative connotation. It's not, 'you're so gay,' like, 'you're so lame,' but the fact of the matter is that this boy should've been gay. I totally understand how it could be misconstrued or whatever ... It wasn't stereotyping anyone in particular, I was talking about ex-boyfriends."

Public image

Perry is known for her unconventional style of dress. It is often humorous, bright in color, and reminiscent of different decades, and she frequently used fruit-shaped accessories, mainly watermelon, as part of her outfits. Since the Teenage Dream era, Perry has included more glamorous and food-related outfits in her wardrobe. Having learned dancing at an early age, she fantasized about having her own style. Perry's transformation into an artist began with fashion, inspired by American film actress Dominique Swain's portrayal in 1997 film adaptation of the novel ''Lolita''. She defines her fashion style as "a bit of a concoction of different things". Johnny Wujek, Perry's stylist, described her style, upon meeting her for the first time, as "very colorful and vintage". Her fashion has caught the attention of designers. In June 2008, a publicity photo that showed Perry posing with a switchblade was criticized. The picture was defended as only an effort to give Perry a "sexy, harder edge". The criticism leveled at her was mocked by Perry who subsequently posed with a spoon instead. She has appeared in FHM Magazine's 100 Sexiest Women poll twice, ranking at No.23 in 2009 and No.37 in 2010.

She was ranked 7th in ''Rolling Stone'''s global Queen of Pop poll in July 2011.

Personal life

Perry has been generally associated with three men: Matt Thiessen, Travie McCoy, and Russell Brand. She dated Relient K frontman Matt Thiessen for a few years. Thiessen has worked on Teenage Dream. Perry dated Gym Class Heroes frontman Travie McCoy, whom she met in a recording studio in New York. They broke up in December 2008.

Perry first met British comedian Russell Brand in the summer of 2009 when Perry filmed a cameo appearance for Brand's film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Perry and Brand began dating after meeting again in September 2009 at the MTV Video Music Awards, where Brand, as host, remarked, "Katy Perry didn't win an award and she's staying at the same hotel as me, so she's gonna need a shoulder to cry on. So in a way, I'm the real winner tonight." The couple became engaged in December 2009 while vacationing in India. Perry stated that she plans to take dual British citizenship. "One of the first things I'll do is apply for dual citizenship. I'm not too sure if I have to take a test as I've not had time to look into it. But England is like my second home". Perry and Brand married on October 23, 2010 in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan, India, where Brand had proposed.

In an interview with ''Rolling Stone'' she said, "I am sensitive to Russell taking the Lord's name in vain and to Lady Gaga putting a rosary in her mouth. I think when you put sex and spirituality in the same bottle and shake it up, bad things happen."

Discography

''Katy Hudson'' (2001)

''One of the Boys'' (2008)

''Teenage Dream'' (2010)

Tours

Warped Tour 2008 (2008)

Hello Katy Tour (2009)

California Dreams Tour (2011)

Filmography

Television

!Year	!Title	!Role	Notes
	''''	Herself	Episode 8914
	Herself
	''American Idol''	Guest judge
	Guest judge
''Sesame Street''	Herself	Online special (deleted from televised episode due to viewer controversy)
''The Simpsons''	Herself	1 episode, "The Fight Before Christmas"
2011	''How I Met Your Mother''	Honey	1 episode, "Oh Honey"
2011	''America's Got Talent''	Guest Judge	July 27 (Season 6, Qtr Finals 3 results)

Films

!Year	!Title	!Role	class="unsortable"	Notes
	''Get Him to the Greek''	Herself	Deleted sceneUncredited
''Out in the Desert''	Herself	Post-production
	2011		Smurfette	Voice

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Official website

Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from California Category:American bloggers Category:American Christians Category:American contraltos Category:American dance musicians Category:American female guitarists Category:American female pop singers Category:American film actors Category:American musicians of German descent Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Portuguese descent Category:American pop rock singers Category:American pop singer-songwriters Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Brit Award winners Category:Capitol Records artists Category:English-language singers Category:Female rock singers Category:Musicians from California Category:People from Santa Barbara, California Category:Singers from California Category:The X Factor judges

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playername	Giovani dos Santos
fullname	Giovani dos Santos Ramírez
dateofbirth	May 11, 1989
cityofbirth	Monterrey
countryofbirth	Mexico
height
position	Attacking midfielder
currentclub	Tottenham Hotspur
youthyears1	2002–2006
youthclubs1	Barcelona
years1	2006–2007
clubs1	Barcelona B
caps1	27
goals1	6
years2	2007–2008
clubs2	Barcelona
caps2	28
goals2	3
years3	2008–
clubs3	Tottenham Hotspur
caps3	10
goals3	0
years4	2009
clubs4	→ Ipswich Town (loan)
caps4	8
goals4	4
years5	2010
clubs5	→ Galatasaray (loan)
caps5	14
goals5	0
years6	2011
clubs6	→ Racing Santander (loan)
caps6	16
goals6	5
nationalyears1	2005
nationalteam1	Mexico U17
nationalcaps1	8
nationalgoals1	2
nationalyears2	2007
nationalteam2	Mexico U20
nationalcaps2	6
nationalgoals2	5
nationalyears3	2007–
nationalteam3	Mexico
nationalcaps3	49
nationalgoals3	11
club-update	10 May 2011
nationalteam-update	10 August 2011 }}

Giovani dos Santos Ramírez (born 11 May 1989) is a Mexican footballer who currently plays as an Attacking Midfielder for English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. He can also play as a Winger or Second Striker. Since joining Tottenham, he has had loan spells at Ipswich Town, Galatasaray and Racing de Santander. He previously played for FC Barcelona.

Dos Santos was a member of the Mexican National U-17 team that won the 2005 U-17 World Cup held in Peru. He made his debut for the Mexico national team in a 1–0 victory over Panama on 9 September 2007.

Personal life

Giovani dos Santos, was born in Monterrey, Mexico. He is the son of former Brazilian footballer Zizinho, who played for the Mexican football clubs Club América and Club Leon in the late 1980s. His mother, Liliana Ramírez, is a Mexican national. Dos Santos has two brothers and two half-brothers; the elder, Éder dos Santos, currently plays for Club América in the Primera División de Mexico as a defensive midfielder, and his younger brother, Jonathan dos Santos plays for FC Barcelona in the Spanish First Division.

Club career

Barcelona

Dos Santos joined FC Barcelona's academy of La Masia at the age of eleven and played for Barcelona's Juvenil A category where he helped his team to make a comeback in the league and win the regional title. This title allowed them to participate in the Youth Copa del Rey, where they faced other regional champions, among them their historic arch-rivals, Real Madrid. Dos Santos once again played a significant role during the tournament and helped the team win the national title of the Juvenil A category.

In 2006, dos Santos was invited on the pre-season tour of Barcelona's senior squad; during a friendly match on 29 July 2006, he scored in his senior team debut game against Danish club AGF Aarhus. On 28 November 2006, Barcelona included dos Santos in their 23-man squad for the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan.

During the summer of 2007, dos Santos was once again invited to join Barça's senior squad on their pre-season tour. On 29 August 2007, dos Santos received dual nationality and was included in the official first team squad. He made his competitive and league debut on 2 September 2007 (at 18 years and 114 days) during a 3–1 home win against Athletic Bilbao, coming on for Thierry Henry in the 62nd minute.

Dos Santos made his Champions League debut on 20 September 2007 during a 3–0 home win against Olympique Lyonnais. He came on as a substitute for Xavi in the 79th minute.

On 17 May 2008, dos Santos scored a hat trick against Real Murcia, with a final score of 5–3, granting a victory to Barça on the team's last game of the 2007–08 season. It was also the last game dos Santos played before joining Tottenham Hotspur.

Tottenham Hotspur

On 18 June 2008, dos Santos passed a medical and agreed terms to complete his move to Tottenham Hotspur from Barcelona. Barcelona reported that the transfer fee was €6 million with an additional 5 million Euros payable depending on appearances for Tottenham.

The young Mexican was on target twice as Tottenham beat local Spanish side Tavernes in an 8–0 thumping on their 2008–09 pre-season tour. Dos Santos also played in Tottenham's other pre-season games such as the 5–1 wins over Leyton Orient and Norwich City. He also scored the second goal in the 3–0 win over Borussia Dortmund to help Spurs to make it two wins out of two and take home the Feyenoord Jubileum Tournament trophy. Dos Santos scored his first competitive goal for Spurs in the UEFA Cup on 26 February 2009 against Shakhtar Donetsk. After 12 first team appearances, he was sent on loan to Ipswich Town for the remainder of the season.

His first game of the 2009–10 season came against Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup, in which he provided an assist. He was substituted off, however, due to an ankle injury early on in a League Cup game against Preston North End and has only managed to make a substitute appearance in a 1–0 loss to Wolverhampton Wanderers before being loaned out to Galatarsaray in Turkey.

His commitment has been questioned by Tottenham boss Harry Redknapp, who warned him to stay away from nightclubs and revealed that he was often late for training on Mondays. Redknapp assured dos Santos, however, that he is still part of his plans at Tottenham, provided that he becomes more dedicated to his professional life.

Ipswich Town (loan)

In March 2009, dos Santos signed on loan at Ipswich Town until the end of the season. He made his debut on 14 March 2009, coming on as a substitute against Reading. He scored his first league goal and the equaliser in the following game against Burnley. He scored his second goal against Bristol City on Easter Monday, a 94th minute penalty to equalise for Ipswich. He also claimed an assist and a goal from the penalty spot in Ipswich's 3–2 win over local rivals Norwich City a week later. He finished his loan with four goals in eight appearances.

Galatasaray (loan)

In January 2010, dos Santos signed for Turkish club Galatasaray on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season, with an option to purchase him at the end of that period. The move reunited the player with Frank Rijkaard, his former coach at Barcelona. On 31 January, he made his debut coming on as a 58th minute substitute for Emre Çolak in a league game against Denizlispor with victory 2–1.

Racing Santander (loan)

On 31 January 2011, dos Santos joined La Liga side Racing de Santander on loan until the end of the season from Tottenham. He made his debut for his new club on 5 February 2011 as a substitute against Real Zaragoza, drawing the game 1–1. He scored his first goal as a substitute against Villarreal CF in the 68th minute on 27 February 2011. Dos Santos scored a brace in a 3–2 win league match over Hércules CF.

International career

U-12 Danone Nations Cup

dos Santos participated at the 2001 Danone Nations Cup that was held in the Parc des Princes stadium in Paris, France, where 40 countries also participated. Mexico would finish the tournament fifth. He won the Golden Boot award for top goalscorer.

U-17 World Championship

During the 2005 U-17 World Championship, which his team won, dos Santos assisted half of the goals of the Mexican team during the tournament, a feat that won him the Adidas Silver Ball as the second best player of the tournament, finishing behind only to Brazilian and current Manchester United midfielder Anderson.

U-20 World Championship

In the U-20 World Cup Qualifiers, he scored twice; once against St. Kitts and Nevis in the 86th minute and the second against Jamaica in the 56th minute. He was forced to sit out the last game for precautionary reasons against Costa Rica, as he had received a yellow card in the previous match. The game ended in a 1–1 draw, but Mexico still qualified, finishing top of the regional group.

During the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, Mexico was placed in Group C, where they were drawn against Gambia, Portugal, and New Zealand. On 2 July 2007, dos Santos and the rest of the Mexico team played against Gambia and won 3–0, with Giovani opening the scoring in the second half with a volley into the top left-hand corner from outside of the box. Dos Santos then played against Portugal, where Mexico won 2–1, scoring the opening goal from the penalty spot. As Mexico had already qualified from the group, he was rested for the game against New Zealand. In the round of 16, Mexico played against Congo and dos Santos returned to the starting line-up and yet again opened the scoring with a goal from the penalty spot in a match that Mexico won 3–0. In the quarter-finals, Mexico was eliminated by Argentina by an own goal on the second-half, which was the only goal of the game in a 1–0. Dos Santos was awarded the Adidas Bronze Ball.

Mexico national team

Dos Santos earned his first selection for a Mexico senior team roster when Hugo Sánchez picked him for exhibition games against Panama and Brazil. Dos Santos appeared for the first time for Mexico in a 1–0 victory over Panama on 9 September 2007. The match was abandoned at half time because of heavy rain. He scored his first two goals for Mexico on 24 June 2009 in a friendly match against Venezuela, a game in which he was also named Man of the Match.

He scored his third goal for Mexico on 19 July in the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup quarter-final game against Haiti in the 42nd minute and also recorded two assists in the 4–0 victory. On 26 July 2009, he helped Mexico end a ten-year drought of victory against the United States on American soil with a 5–0 victory that helped secure Mexico's fifth CONCACAF Gold Cup. He was named player of the tournament.

On 5 September 2009, dos Santos contributed to all three goals in a 3–0 win over Costa Rica in the 2010 World Cup qualification stages. He scored the first goal from outside the penalty box with his preferred left foot and assisted in the following two goals.

When his brother Jonathan dos Santos was cut from Mexico's final 23-man squad for the 2010 World Cup, his father Zizinho said that dos Santos was very hurt and claimed he was unsure whether he would play in the World Cup.

In the 2010 World Cup, dos Santos started in every game for Mexico as a right winger. He completed 138 passes without providing an assist. He was voted runner-up for the FIFA Young Player of the Tournament award, which eventually went to Thomas Müller of Germany.

Dos Santos was called up to play the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup after a good mid-season loan to Racing Santander. On 9 June 2011, dos Santos scored a brace against Cuba in a 5–0 win. In the final match against the United States, he scored in a 4–2 win, by dribbling inside the box against Tim Howard, five U.S. defenders, and chipping the ball into the top-left corner over Eric Lichaj. That goal was also named the best goal of the tournament.

Career statistics

6 !27!!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0! 4 !28!!3!!4!!4!!0!!0!!5!!1!!3! 0 0 0 4 0 5 !16

		Club	Season	League	Cup	Europe	Total
!Apps	!Goals	!Assists	!Apps	!Goals	!Assists	!Apps	!Goals	!Assists	!Apps	!Goals	!Assists
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Barcelona B		27	|	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	27	6	0
!Total	27 !! 6 !! 0
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Barcelona		28	3	|	4	0	0	5	1	3	37	4	7
!Total	37 !! 4 !! 7
rowspan="4" valign="center"	Tottenham Hotspur		6	0	|	2	0	0	4	1	0	12	1	0
Premier League 2009–10	2009–10	1	|	0	2	0	1	0	0	0	3	0	1
2010–11 Premier League	2010–11	3	|	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	5	0	0
!Total	!10!!0!!0!!5!!0!!1!!5!!1!!0!!20!!1!!1
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Ipswich Town		8	|	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	8	4	1
!Total	!8!!4!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!8!!4!!1
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Galatasaray		14	|	3	2	0	0	2	0	0	18	0	3
!Total	!14!!0!!3!!2!!0!!0!!2!!0!!0!!18!!0!!3
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Racing Santander		16	|	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	16	5	2
!Total	|	5	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	16	5	2
Career total	!103!!18!!10!!11!!0!!1!!12!!2!!3!!126!!20!!14

International

National team !! Year !! Apps !! Goals
rowspan="5"	Mexico	2007	4	0
2008	6
2009	12
2010	12
2011	15
Total !! 49!!11

International goals

:''Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first.'' |- | 1. || rowspan="2"|24 June 2009 || rowspan="2"|Georgia Dome, Atlanta, United States || rowspan="2"| || align=center|2–0 || rowspan="2" align=center|4–0 || rowspan="2"|Friendly |- | 2. ||align=center|3–0 |- | 3. || 19 July 2009 || Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, United States || || align=center|2–0 || align=center|4–0 || 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup |- | 4. || 26 July 2009 || Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, United States || || align=center|2–0 || align=center|5–0 || 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup |- | 5. || 5 September 2009 || Estadio Ricardo Saprissa, San José, Costa Rica|| || align=center|1–0 || align=center|3–0 || 2010 World Cup qualification |- | 6. || 12 October 2010 || Estadio Olímpico Benito Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México || || align=center|2–2 || align=center|2–2 || Friendly |- | 7. || rowspan=2|1 June 2011 || rowspan=2|Invesco Field at Mile High, Denver, United States || rowspan=2| || align=center|1–0 || rowspan=2 align=center|3–0 || rowspan=2|Friendly |- | 8 || align=center|2–0 |- | 9. || rowspan=2|9 June 2011 || rowspan=2|Bank of America Stadium, Charlotte, United States || rowspan=2| || align=center|2–0 || rowspan=2 align=center|5–0 || rowspan=2|2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup |- | 10. || align=center|4–0 |- | 11. || 25 June 2011 || Rose Bowl, Pasadena, United States || || align=center|4–2 || align=center|4–2 || 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup |- |}

Honours

Club

Barcelona Supercopa de España: 2006

International

Mexico

FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2005

CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2009, 2011

Individual

Danone Nations Cup U-12 Golden Boot: 2001

FIFA U-17 Silver Ball: 2005

FIFA U-20 Bronze Ball: 2007

CONCACAF Gold Cup Most Valuable Player: 2009

References

External links

Official site

Tottenham Hotspur profile

Dos Santos stats

Footballdatabase.com Provides Profile and Statistics for Giovani Dos Santos

Ipswich Town profile

Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:People from Monterrey Category:Expatriate footballers in England Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey Category:Mexican footballers Category:Mexican expatriate footballers Category:Mexico international footballers Category:FC Barcelona Atlètic footballers Category:FC Barcelona footballers Category:Galatasaray S.K. footballers Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Category:Ipswich Town F.C. players Category:Racing de Santander footballers Category:La Liga footballers Category:Premier League players Category:The Football League players Category:Süper Lig players Category:Mexican people of Brazilian descent Category:Mexican expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players Category:2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players Category:2011 Copa América players Category:Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom

am:ጂዮቫኒ ዶስ ሳንቶስ ar:جيوفاني دوس سانتوس bg:Джовани дос Сантос ca:Giovani dos Santos Ramírez da:Giovani dos Santos de:Giovani dos Santos es:Giovani dos Santos fr:Giovani dos Santos ko:히오바니 도스 산토스 hr:Giovani dos Santos it:Giovani dos Santos he:ג'ובאני דוס סאנטוס la:Ioannes dos Santos lt:Giovani dos Santos hu:Giovani dos Santos mr:जियोव्हानी दोस सांतोस nl:Giovani dos Santos ja:ジョバニ・ドス・サントス no:Giovani dos Santos nn:Giovani dos Santos pl:Giovani dos Santos pt:Giovani dos Santos ro:Giovani dos Santos ru:Сантос, Джовани дос sq:Giovani dos Santos simple:Giovani dos Santos fi:Giovani dos Santos sv:Giovani dos Santos tr:Giovani dos Santos uk:Джовані дос Сантос zh:吉奥瓦尼·多斯桑托斯

playername	Jürgen Klinsmann
dateofbirth	July 30, 1964
cityofbirth	Göppingen
countryofbirth	West Germany
height
position	Striker
youthyears1	1972–1974
youthyears2	1974–1978
youthyears3	1978–1981
youthclubs1	TB Gingen
youthclubs2	SC Geislingen an der Steige
youthclubs3	Stuttgarter Kickers
years1	1981–1984
years2	1984–1989
years3	1989–1992
years4	1992–1994
years5	1994–1995
years6	1995–1997
years7	1997–1998
years8	1997–1998
years9	2003
clubs1	Stuttgarter Kickers
clubs2	VfB Stuttgart
clubs3	Internazionale
clubs4	Monaco
clubs5	Tottenham Hotspur
clubs6	Bayern Munich
clubs7	Sampdoria
clubs8	→ Tottenham Hotspur (loan)
clubs9	Orange County Blue Star
caps1	61 | goals1 22
caps2	155 | goals2 79
caps3	95 | goals3 34
caps4	65 | goals4 29
caps5	41 | goals5 21
caps6	65 | goals6 31
caps7	8 | goals7 2
caps8	15 | goals8 9
caps9	8 | goals9 5
totalcaps	516 | totalgoals 232
nationalyears1	1980–1981
nationalteam1	West Germany U-16
nationalcaps1	3
nationalgoals1	0
nationalyears2	1984–1985
nationalteam2	West Germany U-21
nationalcaps2	8
nationalgoals2	3
nationalyears3	1987–1988
nationalteam3	West Germany Olympic
nationalcaps3	14
nationalgoals3	8
nationalyears4	1987–1998
nationalteam4	Germany
nationalcaps4	108
nationalgoals4	47
manageryears1	2004–2006
manageryears2	2008–2009
manageryears3	2011–
managerclubs1	Germany
managerclubs2	Bayern Munich
managerclubs3	United States
medaltemplates	}}

}} }} Jürgen Klinsmann (born 30 July 1964 in Göppingen) is a German football manager and former player who is currently the coach of the United States Men's National Team. As a player, Klinsmann played for several prominent clubs in Europe and was part of the West German team that won the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the German one that won the 1996 UEFA European Championship. One of West Germany's/Germany's premier strikers during the 90s, Klinsmann scored in all six major international tournaments he participated, from Euro 1988 to 1998 World Cup.

He managed the German national team to a third-place finish in the 2006 World Cup. On 12 July 2006, Klinsmann officially announced that he would step down as Germany's coach after two years in charge and be replaced by assistant coach Joachim Löw. He took over as coach of Bayern Munich in July 2008, when Ottmar Hitzfeld stepped down to take over as the head coach of the Swiss National Team. On 27 April 2009 he was released early, even though he had won five of the previous seven league games and was only three points behind league leader VfL Wolfsburg. In the jointly initiated reforms at Bayern it emerged there was a severe clash of opinions between coach and club management.

On 29 July 2011, after years of speculation and protracted negotiations with the US Soccer Federation, Klinsmann was named coach of the USMNT after coach Bob Bradley was released.

Club career

1964 to 1981: Youth Career

Jürgen Klinsmann is one of four sons of master baker Siegfried Klinsmann († 2005) and his wife Martha. At the age of eight he started playing for TB Gingen, an amateur football club in Gingen an der Fils. Six months later he scored 16 goals in a single game for his new club. At the age of ten he moved to SC Geislingen. When Jürgen was 14 years old his father bought a bakery in Stuttgart. After the family relocated to the state capital Stuttgart, his son continued to play for SC Geislingen an der Steige, even after he was spotted in a youth selection of Württemberg. At 16 Klinsmann signed a contract with Stuttgarter Kickers, at which he would turn professional two years later. His parents decided that he would first finish his apprenticeship as a baker in their family business, which he completed in 1982.

1981 to 1989: Stuttgarter Kickers and VfB Stuttgart

Jürgen Klinsmann started his professional career in 1982 at the then second division side Stuttgarter Kickers, where he had been playing since 1978 as a youth player. By 1982–83 he was already a regular starter and by the end of the 1983/1984 season had scored a total of 19 goals for his club. Horst Buhtz, a former coach of Stuttgarter Kickers recalls that Klinsmann benefited from an intensive sprint-training from Horst Allman who was one of the best sprint coaches in Germany at that time. At the beginning of the new season, he managed to improve his 100 m dash from 11.7 to 11.0 seconds.

In 1984 he moved to first division rivals VfB Stuttgart. In his first season at VfB Stuttgart, Klinsmann scored 15 goals and was the team's joint top scorer with Karl Allgöwer, who had scored 16 goals. Despite his goal scoring efforts, he couldn't prevent his new club from finishing tenth in the league. During both the 1985–86 and 1986–87 seasons he scored 16 goals respectively and reached the 1986 final of the German League Cup, which they lost against Bayern Munich 2–5, and Klinsmann scored the last goal of the game. In the season 1987–88 he scored 19 goals – including the legendary overhead kick against Bayern Munich - and was Bundesliga's top goalscorer. In 1987 he also got his first cap for the German National Team against Brazil, which ended in a 1–1 draw.

In 1988, the 24 year old Klinsmann was named German Footballer of the Year. After reaching the 1988–89 UEFA Cup Final with VfB Stuttgart (which eventually lost to Maradona's inspired SSC Napoli 1–2 and 3–3), Klinsmann moved to Italian club Inter Milan and joined the ranks of two other German internationals, Lothar Matthäus and Andreas Brehme.

1989–1992: Three years with Inter and world champion in Italy

Klinsmann signed a three-year contract with Inter Milan. In spite of the heavily defensive orientated tactics of head coach Giovanni Trapattoni, Klinsmann scored 13 goals in the most competitive league at the time. He was one of the most popular foreign players in Italy, mostly because he had learnt Italian and earned himself the respect of the fans with his appearance and language skills.

After finishing third in the Serie A, Klinsmann was called up for the 1990 World Cup in Italy. After qualifying for the round of 16 without any problems, Germany was to play the Netherlands, against which they lost 2 years earlier in the European Championship. It was to be Klinsmann's best international game. After Rudi Völler was sent off in the 22nd minute, Klinsmann was forced to play as a lone striker. He delivered a running and pressure performance with which he occupied the entire Dutch defense, scored the 1–0 opener and was a constant threat. The next day, the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung wrote the following about Klinsmann's heroic performance: "In the last decade, not a single forward of a DFB team has offered such a brilliant, almost perfect performance." After further victories over Czechoslovakia (1–0) and England (1–1 after extra time, 4–3 on penalties), he became world champion after beating Argentina 1–0 in the final. Klinsmann is well remembered for being brutally fouled by the Argentinian Pedro Monzón, who was subsequently sent off, reducing Argentina to ten men.

During the next season, Klinsmann won the UEFA Cup with Inter (2–1 on aggregate against AS Roma) and repeated his previous performance in the league with 14 goals. Klinsmann's contract was extended until 1994. But a disastrous 1991–92 season made all plans fall through. Inter Milan never managed to gain any momentum under coach Corrado Orrico and finished eighth in the league, with Klinsmann only scoring seven goals and the team being divided and fragmented into groups. It was clear for Klinsmann that this would be his last season at Inter Milan. Because of the poor season at Inter Milan Klinsmann temporarily lost his position in the starting 11 in the German National Team to Karl-Heinz Riedle. Only due to an arm fracture of Rudi Völler did Klinsmann regain his starting place for Germany in the opening game of Euro 1992 against the CIS. His performances improved from game to game during the European Championship and he was one of the best in the final against Denmark, which Germany lost 0–2.

1992 to 1994: AS Monaco

After Euro 1992 Klinsmann moved to AS Monaco and catapulted the club to a second place finish in Ligue 1 in his first season. After the bribery scandal by Olympique Marseille and their subsequent disqualification as league winners, AS Monaco were to replace them in the Champions League the following year. AS Monaco reached the semi-final before finally losing to eventual winners AC Milan. The following season AS Monaco only managed a 9th place finish in the league and Klinsmann, who had missed two months due to a torn ligament, was mostly deployed as a lone-striker and started criticizing the attitude of his teammates. In 1995 he left the club early, with one more year remaining on his contract. Despite being knocked out of World Cup 94 against Bulgaria in the quarter-finals, it was nevertheless a successful tournament for Klinsmann who had scored a total of five goals and won Germany's Footballer of the Year award for the second time.

1994 to 1995: Tottenham Hotspur

Somewhat surprisingly, for the 1994–95 season Klinsmann moved to Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League, where the fans and media were very critical of the German, partly because he played in the 1990 Germany team that knocked England out of the World Cup, and partly because of his reputation as a diver. He was signed by Spurs in July 1994 from AS Monaco of France for £2million. On his debut against Sheffield Wednesday he scored a header and immediately celebrated his goal by humorously diving across the pitch. One Guardian journalist, who had written an article called "Why I Hate Jürgen Klinsmann", wrote another two months later called "Why I Love Jürgen Klinsmann". Klinsmann went on to win the 1995 Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year.

Because of his humour, but also because of his athletic achievements and his combative playing style, he quickly became extremely popular in England. Over 150,000 Klinsmann shirts were sold. Klinsmann now holds legendary status at the Hotspur Club and was inducted into Madame Tussauds Wax Museum.

1995 to 1998: Later career

He then had a successful spell at FC Bayern Munich during the 1995–96 and 1996–97 season. During both seasons he was the top goalscorer at his club, won the 1995–96 UEFA Cup and set a new goalscoring record of 15 goals in 12 games during the competition (a record that stood until 2011). A year later, he also became German champion as he won the Bundesliga. Klinsmann then briefly moved to Italy for Sampdoria, but left the team again in the winter and returned to Tottenham Hotspur. During his second stint at Tottenham in the 1997–98 season, Klinsmann's goals saved the club from relegation, particularly the four goals he scored in a 6–2 win at Wimbledon F.C. He was to play the last game of his club career in 1998 on the final day of the Premier League against Southampton.

He decided to retire from playing professional football in the summer of 1998 after the World Cup but is still a fan-favorite at White Hart Lane. He relocated to California and under the pseudonym Jay Goppingen (taken from the town of Göppingen, where he was born) Klinsmann made a comeback as a player in 2003 for Orange County Blue Star in the United Soccer Leagues' Premier Development League, the fourth tier of American men's soccer. The 39-year-old was able to score five goals in eight appearances, helping his team to reach the playoffs.

International career

Klinsmann had a fruitful international career, seeing his first West Germany duty in 1987 and ultimately collecting 108 caps, a tally second only to that of Lothar Matthäus. Klinsmann scored 47 goals for West Germany/Germany in top-level international matches, sharing the all-time third place with Rudi Völler, and only surpassed by Gerd Müller's record of 68 goals for the national team and by Miroslav Klose's 61 goals.

He participated in the 1988 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal; the 1988, 1992 and 1996 European Championships, reaching the final in 1992 and becoming champion in 1996. Klinsmann was the first player ever to score in three different UEFA European Championships. He did it at the 1988, 1992, and 1996 tournaments. Three other players – Vladimir Smicer, Thierry Henry, and Nuno Gomes – have equalled this record since.

He was also an important part of the West German team at the World Cup finals of 1990 (in which he scored three goals), 1994 (five goals), and 1998 (three goals), winning the World Cup in 1990. He was the first player ever to score at least three goals in each of three World Cups, later joined by Ronaldo of Brazil and Miroslav Klose. He is currently the third highest goalscorer for Germany in the World Cup final behind Miroslav Klose and Gerd Müller who both have 14.

Stats

Fritz Walter Stadion, Kaiserslautern, West Germany 14 June 1988 4 October 1989 25 April 1990 10 June 1990 15 June 1990 24 June 1990 10 October 1990 31 October 1990 18 June 1992 20 December 1992 14 April 1993 14 April 1993 10 June 1993 10 June 1993 13 June 1993 19 June 1993 23 March 1994 23 March 1994 2 June 1994 17 June 1994 21 June 1994 27 June 1994 27 June 1994 2 July 1994 16 November 1994 14 December 1994 18 December 1994 29 March 1995 29 March 1995 7 June 1995 11 October 1995 15 November 1995 15 November 1995 24 April 1996 4 June 1996 16 June 1996 16 June 1996 23 June 1996 4 September 1996 9 October 1996 10 September 1997 10 September 1997 5 June 1998 15 June 1998 25 June 1998 29 June 1998

International goals
# !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
1.	27 April 1988	|		1-0	1-0	Exhibition game>Friendly
2.	|	Parkstadion, Gelsenkirchen, West Germany		1-0	2-0	UEFA Euro 1988
3.	|	Signal Iduna Park>Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, West Germany		3-0	6-1	1990 FIFA World Cup qualification>FIFA World Cup 1990 qualifying
4.	|	Mercedes-Benz Arena>Neckarstadion, Stuttgart, West Germany		3-2	3-3	Friendly
5.	|	San Siro (stadium)>Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, Milan, Italy		2-0	4-1	1990 FIFA World Cup>FIFA World Cup 1990
6.	|	San Siro (stadium)>Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, Milan, Italy		2-0	5-1	FIFA World Cup 1990
7.	|	San Siro (stadium)>Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, Milan, Italy		1-0	2-1	FIFA World Cup 1990
8.	|	Råsunda Stadium, Stockholm, Sweden		1-0	3-1	Friendly
9.	|	Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg (city)>Luxembourg, Luxembourg		1-0	3-2	UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
10.	|	Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden		1-2	1-3	UEFA Euro 1992
11.	|	Estadio Centenario, Montevideo, Uruguay		4-0	4-1	Friendly
12.	|	RewirpowerSTADION>Ruhrstadion, Bochum, Germany		3-1	6-1	Friendly
13.	|	Ruhrstadion, Bochum, Germany		5-1	6-1	Friendly
14.	|	Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, Washington, D.C., USA		1-3	3-3	U.S. Cup
15.	|	Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, Washington, D.C., USA		3-3	3-3	U.S. Cup
16.	|	Soldier Field, Chicago, USA		1-0	4-3	U.S. Cup
17.	|	Pontiac Silverdome>Silverdome, Pontiac, USA		2-1	2-1	U.S. Cup
18.	|	Mercedes-Benz Arena>Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, Stuttgart, Germany		1-1	2-1	Friendly
19.	|	Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, Stuttgart, Germany		2-1	2-1	Friendly
20.	|	Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna, Austria		3-0	5-1	Friendly
21.	|	Soldier Field, Chicago, USA		1-0	1-0	1994 FIFA World Cup>FIFA World Cup 1994
22.	|	Soldier Field, Chicago, USA		1-1	1-1	FIFA World Cup 1994
23.	|	Cotton Bowl (stadium)>Cotton Bowl, Dallas, USA		1-0	3-2	FIFA World Cup 1994
24.	|	Cotton Bowl (stadium)>Cotton Bowl, Dallas, USA		3-0	3-2	FIFA World Cup 1994
25.	|	Soldier Field, Chicago, USA		2-1	3-2	FIFA World Cup 1994
26.	|	Qemal Stafa (stadium)>Qemal Stafa, Tirana, Albania		1-0	2-1	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
27.	|	Chişinău, Moldova		2-0	3-0	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
28.	|	Fritz Walter Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Germany		2-0	2-1	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
29.	|	Boris Paichadze Stadium, Tbilisi, Georgia (country)>Georgia		1-0	2-0	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
30.	|	Boris Paichadze Stadium, Tbilisi, Georgia		2-0	2-0	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
31.	|	Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia, Bulgaria		1-0	2-3	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
32.	|	Cardiff Arms Park, Cardiff, Wales		2-1	2-1	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
33.	|	Olympic Stadium (Berlin)>Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany		1-1	3-1	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
34.	|	Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany		3-1	3-1	UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
35.	|	Feijenoord Stadion, Rotterdam, Netherlands		1-0	1-0	Friendly
36.	|	Carl-Benz-Stadion, Mannheim, Germany		8-1	9-1	Friendly
37.	|	Old Trafford, Manchester, England		2-0	3-0	UEFA Euro 1996
38.	|	Old Trafford, Manchester, England		3-0	3-0	UEFA Euro 1996
39.	|	Old Trafford, Manchester, England		1-0	2-1	UEFA Euro 1996
40.	|	Ernest Pohl Stadium, Zabrze, Poland		2-0	2-0	Friendly
41.	|	Hrazdan Stadium, Yerevan, Armenia		2-0	5-1	1998 FIFA World Cup qualification>FIFA World Cup 1998 qualifying
42.	|	Signal Iduna Park>Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, Germany		1-0	4-0	FIFA World Cup 1998 qualifying
43.	|	Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, Germany		2-0	4-0	FIFA World Cup 1998 qualifying
44.	|	Carl-Benz-Stadion, Mannheim, Germany		2-0	7-0	Friendly
45.	|	Parc des Princes, Paris, France		2-0	2-0	1998 FIFA World Cup>FIFA World Cup 1998
46.	|	Stade de la Mosson, Montpellier, France		2-0	2-0	FIFA World Cup 1998
47.	|	Stade de la Mosson, Montpellier, France		1-1	2-1	FIFA World Cup 1998

Coaching career

Upon retiring from active play, Klinsmann started his commercial career. He became the vice-president of a sports marketing consultancy based in the United States and was involved in Major League Soccer as part of the Los Angeles Galaxy team.

German national team

On 26 July 2004, he returned to Germany as the new coach of the national team, succeeding former teammate and strike partner Rudi Völler. Klinsmann subsequently embarked on an aggressive program to revamp the management of the team. Bringing fellow German striker Oliver Bierhoff on board helped diffuse public relations duties of the previous combined post away from the actual coaching aspect of the position. Furthermore, he created a youth movement to breathe life into an aging squad on the heels of a disastrous showing at Euro 2004. In the run up to the 2006 World Cup, Klinsmann attracted criticism from German fans and the media following poor results, such as the 4-1 loss to Italy. A particular subject of criticism was that Klinsmann commuted to Germany from the United States, which was the target of a campaign by the "Bild" tabloid. It should be noted that Klinsmann had previously eliminated some privileges Bild traditionally had with the national team, such as receiving the team lineup the day before a match, and 24/7 exclusive access to the team. His largely offensive tactics have irritated some, who complain that he ignores defensive football. He announced a squad of young players for the 2006 World Cup, basing his selection policy on performance, not reputation. During the 2005 Confederations Cup, he regularly rotated his goalkeepers regardless of their performances, which drew the ire of Bayern Munich's Oliver Kahn. On 7 April 2006, Klinsmann finally decided to relegate Kahn to the bench and designated Arsenal's Jens Lehmann as his first choice goalkeeper. This choice followed Lehmann's performances in the 2006 Champions League in which his Arsenal team bowed out in the final against Barcelona.

In the 2006 World Cup, the performances of Klinsmann's team silenced his critics. The team recorded three straight wins against Costa Rica, Poland and Ecuador in the first round, earning Germany first place in Group A. The first game of the knock out stage was a 2-0 victory over Sweden, and in the quarter-finals, Klinsmann's team defeated Argentina, winning 4-2 on penalties. The teams drew 1-1 after 120 minutes after an equalising goal from Miroslav Klose in the 80th minute.

In the semi-final on 4 July, Germany lost a close match with Italy 2-0 after goals in the final minutes of extra time from Fabio Grosso and Alessandro Del Piero. After the match, Klinsmann praised the performance of his young team. They beat Portugal 3-1 in the third place play-off, where he played Kahn instead of Jens Lehmann. The victory triggered a massive Berlin parade the following day where Klinsmann and the team were honoured by the public.

Afterward, Franz Beckenbauer, previously a strident critic of Klinsmann's, declared his desire to see Klinsmann continue as coach. There was also widespread public support for Klinsmann due to his team's spirit and attacking style of play. The team's strong performance is thought by some to have renewed national pride and restored Germany's reputation as a top footballing nation. Due to his success coaching the national team, Klinsmann was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz. He was even referred to as "Kaiser", a term meaning "emperor" in German, usually reserved for German footballing greats, e.g. Franz Beckenbauer.

Despite the highly acclaimed performance at the World Cup and the praise earned, Klinsmann declined to renew his contract, informing the DFB of his decision on 11 July 2006. The decision was officially announced by the DFB on the 12 July 2006. Klinsmann's assistant Joachim Löw was appointed as the new head trainer at the same press conference. Klinsmann said "My big wish is to go back to my family, to go back to leading a normal life with them ... After two years of putting in a lot of energy, I feel I lack the power and the strength to continue in the same way."

Post-Germany

After leaving the Germany job, Klinsmann was linked with many coaching roles. He was linked repeatedly with the vacant United States national team coaching job after the decision not to renew the contract of Bruce Arena after the 2006 World Cup. However, Klinsmann could not come to an agreement with the U.S. Soccer Federation over control of the national team structure, and the job eventually went to Bob Bradley. He was again linked with the head coaching role of the United States after the 2010 World Cup, however no agreement could be made again. The United States Soccer Federation decided to renew the contract of Bob Bradley for another 4 years.

In April 2007, the English newspaper ''The Sun'' reported that Roman Abramovich wanted Klinsmann to coach his team Chelsea. Klinsmann reportedly rejected the offer. Klinsmann was also linked with managerial roles with Tottenham Hotspur and Los Angeles Galaxy, but the jobs went to Juande Ramos and Ruud Gullit respectively. Klinsmann was also linked to the Liverpool job as speculation mounted over Rafael Benítez's future. Tom Hicks admitted in a statement that Liverpool 'sounded out' Klinsmann about the job at Anfield if Rafael Benitez was to leave for either Real Madrid or Internazionale. Franz Beckenbauer claimed that Klinsmann would be "ideal" as the new coach of the England national team after Steve McClaren was sacked in November 2007, prior to the eventual appointment of the Englishman's replacement, Fabio Capello.

Bayern Munich

In July 2008 Klinsmann took over as coach of Bayern Munich, succeeding Ottmar Hitzfeld. This was Klinsmann's first managerial position at club level. Expected to introduce changes into training and style of play, Klinsmann was allowed to appoint several new staff member such as assistants Martin Vasquez and Nick Theslof, goalkeeping coach Walter Junghans, fitness coaches Oliver Schmidtlein, Thomas Wilhelmi, Marcelo Martins, and Darcy Norman, and sports psychologist Philipp Laux. Klinsmann helped design a new player development and performance center for Bayern and then launched into molding the team for the Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League campaigns. Under his guidance, Bayern reached the quarter final of the Champions League, losing to eventual champion FC Barcelona.

Bayern’s record during the 2008/2009 UEFA Champions League was 6 wins, 3 draws, and 1 loss (to Barcelona). In the Bundesliga, Bayern was only 3 points out of first place, with 5 matches to play, when Klinsmann was replaced as head coach due to a difference of opinion with the club’s Board of Directors. Bayern’s record under Klinsmann during the 2008/2009 Bundesliga season was 16 wins, 6 draws, and 7 losses.

United States

On 29 July 2011, Klinsmann was named head coach of the United States.

Career statistics

Playing stats

|- |1981–82||rowspan="3"|Stuttgarter Kickers||rowspan="3"|2. Bundesliga||6||1|||||||||||||||| |- |1982–83||20||2|||||||||||||||| |- |1983–84||35||19|||||||||||||||| |- |1984–85||rowspan="5"|Stuttgart||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||32||15||||||||||2||0|||| |- |1985–86||33||16|||||||||||||||| |- |1986–87||32||16||||||||||4||1|||| |- |1987–88||34||19|||||||||||||||| |- |1988–89||25||13||||||||||8||4|||| |- |1989–90||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||31||13||4||2||||||2||0||37||15 |- |1990–91||33||14||4||0||||||12||3||49||17 |- |1991–92||31||7||5||1||||||1||0||37||8 |- |1992–93||rowspan="2"|Monaco||rowspan="2"|Division 1||35||19|||||||||||||||| |- |1993–94||30||10|||||||||||||||| |- |1994–95||Tottenham Hotspur||Premier League||41||21||6||5||3||4||||||50||30 |- |1995–96||rowspan="2"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||16||1||0||-||-||12||15||45||31 |- |1996–97||33||15||4||2||-||-||2||0||39||17 |- |1997–98||Sampdoria||Serie A||8||2|||||||||||||||| |- |1997–98||Tottenham Hotspur||Premier League||15||9|||||||||||||||| 282||132|||||||||||||||| 103||36|||||||||||||||| 65||29|||||||||||||||| 56||30|||||||||||||||| 506||227||||||||||||||||

|- |1987||2||0 |- |1988||8||2 |- |1989||4||1 |- |1990||15||6 |- |1991||4||0 |- |1992||13||2 |- |1993||10||6 |- |1994||14||11 |- |1995||9||6 |- |1996||14||7 |- |1997||7||2 |- |1998||8||4 |- !Total||108||47 |}

Coaching stats

!rowspan=2 12 1234 29 4 1043 1 01Career

width=100	Team	From	To	Competition	Record
G	W	D	L	Win %
rowspan=4	Germany
Friendlies	22	|	6	4	54.55%
International competition	|	8	2	2	57.14%
Total	|	20	8	6	55.55%
rowspan=5	Bayern Munich
Bundesliga	|	16	6	7	55.17%
DFB Cup	|	3	0	1	75.00%
Europe	|	6	3	1	60.00%
Total	|	25	9	9	58.14%
rowspan=4	United States
Friendlies	|	0	1	0	0%
International competition	|	0	0	0	0%
Total	|	0	1	0	0%
colspan=3	Total	|	78	45	18	15	57.69%

Honours

Club

Internazionale

Supercoppa Italiana: 1989

UEFA Cup: 1991

Bayern Munich

UEFA Cup: 1996

Bundesliga: 1996-97

International

Germany

FIFA World Cup: 1990

European Championship: 1996

U.S. Cup: 1993

Personal

West German Footballer of the Year: 1988

German Footballer of the Year: 1994

FWA Footballer of the Year: 1995 (Tottenham Hotspur)

Caps

108 caps for West Germany/Germany (47 goals)

14 Olympic caps (8 goals)

8 Under-21 caps (3 goals)

3 Under-16 caps

Statistics refer to League games/goals only (except for international games).

Broadcasting career

Klinsmann was a studio analyst alongside former players Ruud Gullit, Steve McManaman, and Alexi Lalas, as well as commentator Martin Tyler for the English-language coverage of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on the ESPN family of networks. He also worked as co-commentator for the German TV station RTL during their broadcasts of nine World Cup matches in 2010.

Charity work and Social engagements

In 1995 Klinsmann and some of his close friends founded the children charity foundation “Agapedia” which stems from the Greek language and translates to “Love for Children”. As of today Agapedia runs four projects in Germany, Bulgaria, Moldova and Rumania. In 1997 Klinsmann, acting as the captain of the German National Team, visited the Holocaust memorial place Yad Vashem in Israel alongside his coach Berti Vogts. This visit was televised around the globe and drew worldwide attention. Klinsmann is also a board member of the German Initiative “Fuer die Zukunft lernen” which means “Studying for the future” and supports the education of young people about the holocaust. In May 1999, Klinsmann donated all the proceeds from his farewell game (more than $1 million) to different children charity organizations. The game was a sell-out with 54,000 fans in Stuttgart’s Mercedes-Benz Arena. Famous personalities such as Bryan Adams, Boris Becker and many others contributed to this event.

Personal life

Klinsmann's family operates a bakery in Stuttgart's Botnang district and consequently he is sometimes affectionately referred to as the "baker's son from Botnang". Klinsmann is in fact a journeyman baker, having served an apprenticeship. He is married to Chinese-American Debbie Chin, a former model and lives in Huntington Beach, California. The couple have two children, Jonathan (born 1997) and Laila (born 2001).

References

External links

Jürgen Klinsmann Official Website

Autograph Jürgen Klinsmann

Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:People from Göppingen Category:1990 FIFA World Cup players Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players Category:2005 FIFA Confederations Cup managers Category:2006 FIFA World Cup managers Category:AS Monaco FC players Category:FC Bayern Munich managers Category:FC Bayern Munich players Category:F.C. Internazionale Milano players Category:FIFA 100 Category:FIFA Century Club Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players Category:Fußball-Bundesliga players Category:Fußball-Bundesliga managers Category:Association football forwards Category:Footballers at the 1988 Summer Olympics Category:Expatriate footballers in England Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy Category:Expatriate footballers in Monaco Category:German expatriate footballers Category:German expatriates in Italy Category:German expatriates in Monaco Category:German expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:German expatriates in the United States Category:German footballers Category:German football managers Category:Germany international footballers Category:Germany national football team managers Category:Germany under-21 international footballers Category:Kicker-Torjägerkanone Award winners Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:National team coaches Category:Orange County Blue Star players Category:Olympic bronze medalists for West Germany Category:Olympic footballers of West Germany Category:People from Newport Beach, California Category:Premier League players Category:Serie A footballers Category:Stuttgarter Kickers players Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Category:U.C. Sampdoria players Category:UEFA Euro 1988 players Category:UEFA Euro 1992 players Category:UEFA Euro 1996 players Category:UEFA European Football Championship-winning players Category:UEFA European Football Championship-winning captains Category:United States men's national soccer team managers Category:USL Premier Development League players Category:VfB Stuttgart players Category:West German footballers Category:Olympic medalists in football

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